Chapter 11 Basic Concepts Organic Chemsitry Flashcards
What is organic chemistry?
The study of carbon compounds.
It was originally the study of compounds derived from living systems
Define hydrocarbons
A compound containing only hydrogen and carbon
Define a homologous series
A family of compounds with similar chemical properties, and the same functional group, with each successive member differing by CH2
Define functional group
An atom or group of atoms which are responsible for a compounds chemical properties
Define Saturated
A compound contains only C-C bonds
Define unsaturated
A compound that does not only contain single bonds between carbon atoms, including at least one Carbon double or triple bond
Why is carbon so special
It can form four covalent bonds
It can bond to itself
It can form single, double and triple bonds
How do you name compounds?
Find the longest chain
Identify substituent chains and functional groups
Highest priority at end
Number from the highest priority and lowest numbers used
Name CH3CH(CH3)CHBrCH2COOH
4-Bromo-2-Methyl-Pentanoic Acid
What is the priority of naming functional groups?
Highest:
Carboxylic Acids
Esters
Amides
Nitriles
Aldehydes
Ketones
Alcohols
Amines
Alkyne
Alkene
Alkane
Ethers
Haloalkanes
Define Aromatic
Contains a Benzene ring
Define Aliphatic and Alicyclic
Aliphatic- Contains C-C branched or unbranched, or in non aromatic rings
Alicyclic- C-C in a ring, with or without branches, but not aromatic
Is cyclohexane aliphatic, alicyclic or aromatic?
Aliphatic and Alicyclic
Not aromatic
Is Benzoic Acid alicyclic, aliphatic or aromatic?
Aromatic- Contains a benzene ring
What is molecular formula, and empirical formula?
Molecular- Show number and type of atoms in a compound
Empirical- Simplest whole number ratio of the elements in a compound
How does Skeletal formula work?
Each end is CH3
Each point in CH2 unless bonded to another atom
Work out number of hydrogens
Define Structural Isomers
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula
What are the three types of structural isomers?
Chain- Carbon chain arranged differently (messing with methyl’s…)
Positional- Changing the position of the functional group
Functional- Changing the function group
Define homolytic fission
When each atom in a covalent bond takes one of the electrons from the electron pair when the covalent bond breaks, producing two radicals
Define heterolytic fission
One atoms takes both electrons from a covalent bonds when it breaks, producing an anion and cation
What do curly arrows show?
The movement of an electron pair
Define a radical
A species with an unpaired electron
What are addition reactions?
When two reactants join together to form one larger product
What are substitution reactions?
When one (group of) atom(s) replaces another (group of) atom(s) in a compound
What are elimination reactions?
When one larger molecules has a smaller molecule removed from it
