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A Level Chemistry > Chapter 11 - Basic concepts of organic chemistry (MODULE 4) > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Basic concepts of organic chemistry (MODULE 4) Flashcards

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1
Q

What was organic chemistry originally described as

A

the chemistry of compounds derived from living systems

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2
Q

when was the myth that organic compounds couldn’t be manually synthesised disproved

A

when Friedrich Wohler synthesised urea in 1828

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3
Q

Why is Carbon so special (3)

A
  • can form up to 4 bonds
  • can bond to other carbons to make long chain
  • can have single, double or triple bonds
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4
Q

What is a hydrocarbon

A

a compound with only carbon and hydrogen

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5
Q

What is a saturated hydrocarbon
- give an example

A

a hydrocarbon with only single bonds
- e,g, methane

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6
Q

What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon
- give an example

A

a hydrocarbon with carbon to carbon multiple bonds
- e.g. Propyne, butene

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7
Q

What is a homologous series

A

a family of compounds with similar chemical properties

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8
Q

What does each subsequent member of a homologous series differ by

A
  • CH2 -
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9
Q

What is the bond angle around carbon in an alkane

A

109.5 degrees

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10
Q

What is a functional group

A

the part of the organic molecule which is largely responsible for the molecule’s chemical properties

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11
Q

What standard is used for naming organic compounds

A

IUPAC 1919

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12
Q

What are the three classifications of hydrocarbons

A
  • aliphatic
  • alicyclic
  • aromatic
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13
Q

What is an aliphatic compound

A

one where carbon atoms are joined to each other in unbranched or branched chains

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14
Q

What are alicyclic compounds

A

carbon atoms are joined to each other in ring (cyclic) structures

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15
Q

What are aromatic compounds

A

some or all of the carbon atoms are found in a benzene ring

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16
Q

What are the three homologous series of aliphatic hydrocarbons

A
  • alkanes - only C to C single bonds
  • alkanes - at least one C to C double bond
  • alkynes - at least one C to C triple bond
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17
Q

What does the stem of the name of an organic compound indicate

A

the number of carbons in the longest continuous chain in the molecule

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18
Q

What does the prefix of the name of an organic compound indicate

A

the presence of side chains or functional groups

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19
Q

What does the suffix of the name of an organic compound indicate

A

the functional groups

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20
Q

What are the four steps to naming an aliphatic alkanes

A
  • all have ending -ane
  • identify longest chain of carbon atoms (stem)
  • identify any side chains
  • add numbers before to show the position of the chain
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21
Q

What prefixes are used to show 2, 3 or 4 of the same side chain on a compound

A

2 - di
3 - tri
4 - tetra

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22
Q

How are alkyl groups named

A

stem + yl e.g. methyl

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23
Q

What is the general formula for alkyl side chains

A

Cn H(2n+1)

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24
Q

What are the first ten stems for numbers of carbon atoms

A

1 - meth
2 - eth
3 - prop
4 - but
5 - pent
6 - hex
7 - hept
8 - oct
9 - non
10 - dec

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25
Q

If there are multiple carbon chains of the same length, which chain is considered the longest ‘parent’ chain

A

the one with the most branches

26
Q

What is the difference when naming aliphatic alkanes and alicyclic alkanes

A

alicyclic alkanes use the prefix cyclo- before stem e.g. cyclohexane

27
Q

What is the difference between naming alkanes and alkenes

A

the suffix -ene is used for alkenes, and the position of the double bond must be stated

28
Q

What is the
- functional group
- prefix
- suffix

of an alkene

A
  • C=C
  • no prefix
    -ene
29
Q

What is the
- functional group
- prefix
- suffix

of an alkyne

A
  • CC triple bond
  • no prefix
    -yne
30
Q

What is the
- functional group
- prefix
- suffix

of an alkyl

A
  • Cn H2n+1
  • __yl
  • no suffix
31
Q

What is the
- functional group
- prefix
- suffix

of an alcohol

A
  • OH
  • hydroxy
  • ol
32
Q

What is the
- functional group
- prefix
- suffix

of a haloalkane

A
  • Cl, -Br, -I
  • chloro / bromo / iodo
  • no suffix
33
Q

What is the
- functional group
- prefix
- suffix

of an aldehyde

A
  • CHO (double bond C=O)
  • -al
34
Q

What is the
- functional group
- prefix
- suffix

of a ketone

A
  • C (C=O) C-
  • -one
35
Q

What is the
- functional group
- prefix
- suffix

of a carboxylic acid

A
  • (C=O) OH
  • oic acid
36
Q

What is the
- functional group
- prefix
- suffix

of an ester

A
  • (C=O) OC-
  • -oate
37
Q

What is the
- functional group
- prefix
- suffix

of an acyl chloride

A
  • (C=O) Cl
  • -oyl chloride
38
Q

What is the
- functional group
- prefix
- suffix

of an amine

A
  • NH2
    amino-
    -amine
39
Q

What is the
- functional group
- prefix
- suffix

of a nitrile

A
  • CN
  • nitrile
40
Q

What are the 6 main types of chemical formulae

A
  • molecular formula
  • displayed formula
  • empirical formula
  • structural formula
  • skeletal formula
  • general formula
41
Q

What is the general formula

A

the simplest algebraic notation of a member of a homologous series

42
Q

What is the molecular formula

A

the formula which only shows the number and type of atoms present

43
Q

What is the empirical formula

A

the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element

44
Q

What is the displayed formula

A

the formula which shows the relative positioning of atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them

45
Q

What is the structural formula

A

uses the smallest amount of detail necessary to show the arrangement of the atoms in a molecule

46
Q

What is the skeletal formula
- what is it missing

A

a simplified organic formula
- carbon and hydrogen labels, bonds to hydrogen atoms

47
Q

What can be seen in skeletal formulae

A

bonds between carbons, functional groups

48
Q

What are structural isomers

A

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae

49
Q

What are two common ways that molecules can have different structural formulae but the same molecular formulae

A
  • same functional group at different positions on the carbon chain
  • different functional groups e.g. aldehydes and ketones
50
Q

What is a covalent bond defined as

A

a shared pair of electrons between two atoms

51
Q

What are two ways in which covalent bonds can be broken

A
  • heterolytic fission
  • homolytic fission
52
Q

What is homolytic fission
- what happens to each atom involved

A

when the covalent bond breaks, each bonded atom takes one of the shared pair of electrons
- each atom now has a single unpaired electron

53
Q

What are atoms with single unpaired electrons after homolytic fission known as

A

radicals

54
Q

What happens when a covalent bond breaks by heterolytic fission
- what happens to each atom involved

A

one of the bonded atoms takes both electrons from the bond
- the atom that takes both electrons becomes a negative ion
- the atom that takes no electrons becomes a positive ion

55
Q

What does the reaction mechanism show

A

how a reaction takes place

56
Q

What are curly arrows in equations used to show
- when are full and fish hook arrows used

A

the movement of electron pairs
- full arrowheads are used during heterolytic fission. Half arrowheads are used during homolytic fission

57
Q

What are the three types of reaction (organic)

A
  • addition reaction
  • substitution reaction
  • elimination reaction
58
Q

What are addition reactions (organic)

A

a molecule is added to an unsaturated alkene, breaking the double bond to form a saturated compound

59
Q

What are substitution reactions (organic)

A

an atom/ group of atoms is replaced by another atom / group of atoms

60
Q

What are elimination reactions

A

one reactant molecule breaks down into two smaller molecules, usually with a catalyst

A Level Chemistry (16 decks)

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