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A Level Chemistry > Chapter 11 - Basic concepts of organic chemistry (MODULE 4) > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Basic concepts of organic chemistry (MODULE 4) Flashcards

1
Q

What was organic chemistry originally described as

A

the chemistry of compounds derived from living systems

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2
Q

when was the myth that organic compounds couldn’t be manually synthesised disproved

A

when Friedrich Wohler synthesised urea in 1828

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3
Q

Why is Carbon so special (3)

A
  • can form up to 4 bonds
  • can bond to other carbons to make long chain
  • can have single, double or triple bonds
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4
Q

What is a hydrocarbon

A

a compound with only carbon and hydrogen

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5
Q

What is a saturated hydrocarbon
- give an example

A

a hydrocarbon with only single bonds
- e,g, methane

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6
Q

What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon
- give an example

A

a hydrocarbon with carbon to carbon multiple bonds
- e.g. Propyne, butene

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7
Q

What is a homologous series

A

a family of compounds with similar chemical properties

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8
Q

What does each subsequent member of a homologous series differ by

A
  • CH2 -
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9
Q

What is the bond angle around carbon in an alkane

A

109.5 degrees

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10
Q

What is a functional group

A

the part of the organic molecule which is largely responsible for the molecule’s chemical properties

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11
Q

What standard is used for naming organic compounds

A

IUPAC 1919

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12
Q

What are the three classifications of hydrocarbons

A
  • aliphatic
  • alicyclic
  • aromatic
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13
Q

What is an aliphatic compound

A

one where carbon atoms are joined to each other in unbranched or branched chains

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14
Q

What are alicyclic compounds

A

carbon atoms are joined to each other in ring (cyclic) structures

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15
Q

What are aromatic compounds

A

some or all of the carbon atoms are found in a benzene ring

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16
Q

What are the three homologous series of aliphatic hydrocarbons

A
  • alkanes - only C to C single bonds
  • alkanes - at least one C to C double bond
  • alkynes - at least one C to C triple bond
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17
Q

What does the stem of the name of an organic compound indicate

A

the number of carbons in the longest continuous chain in the molecule

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18
Q

What does the prefix of the name of an organic compound indicate

A

the presence of side chains or functional groups

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19
Q

What does the suffix of the name of an organic compound indicate

A

the functional groups

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20
Q

What are the four steps to naming an aliphatic alkanes

A
  • all have ending -ane
  • identify longest chain of carbon atoms (stem)
  • identify any side chains
  • add numbers before to show the position of the chain
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21
Q

What prefixes are used to show 2, 3 or 4 of the same side chain on a compound

A

2 - di
3 - tri
4 - tetra

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22
Q

How are alkyl groups named

A

stem + yl e.g. methyl

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23
Q

What is the general formula for alkyl side chains

A

Cn H(2n+1)

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24
Q

What are the first ten stems for numbers of carbon atoms

A

1 - meth
2 - eth
3 - prop
4 - but
5 - pent
6 - hex
7 - hept
8 - oct
9 - non
10 - dec

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25
If there are multiple carbon chains of the same length, which chain is considered the longest 'parent' chain
the one with the most branches
26
What is the difference when naming aliphatic alkanes and alicyclic alkanes
alicyclic alkanes use the prefix cyclo- before stem e.g. cyclohexane
27
What is the difference between naming alkanes and alkenes
the suffix -ene is used for alkenes, and the position of the double bond must be stated
28
What is the - functional group - prefix - suffix of an alkene
- C=C - no prefix -ene
29
What is the - functional group - prefix - suffix of an alkyne
- CC triple bond - no prefix -yne
30
What is the - functional group - prefix - suffix of an alkyl
- Cn H2n+1 - __yl - no suffix
31
What is the - functional group - prefix - suffix of an alcohol
- OH - hydroxy - ol
32
What is the - functional group - prefix - suffix of a haloalkane
- Cl, -Br, -I - chloro / bromo / iodo - no suffix
33
What is the - functional group - prefix - suffix of an aldehyde
- CHO (double bond C=O) - -al
34
What is the - functional group - prefix - suffix of a ketone
- C (C=O) C- - -one
35
What is the - functional group - prefix - suffix of a carboxylic acid
- (C=O) OH - - oic acid
36
What is the - functional group - prefix - suffix of an ester
- (C=O) OC- - -oate
37
What is the - functional group - prefix - suffix of an acyl chloride
- (C=O) Cl - -oyl chloride
38
What is the - functional group - prefix - suffix of an amine
- NH2 amino- -amine
39
What is the - functional group - prefix - suffix of a nitrile
- CN - - nitrile
40
What are the 6 main types of chemical formulae
- molecular formula - displayed formula - empirical formula - structural formula - skeletal formula - general formula
41
What is the general formula
the simplest algebraic notation of a member of a homologous series
42
What is the molecular formula
the formula which only shows the number and type of atoms present
43
What is the empirical formula
the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element
44
What is the displayed formula
the formula which shows the relative positioning of atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them
45
What is the structural formula
uses the smallest amount of detail necessary to show the arrangement of the atoms in a molecule
46
What is the skeletal formula - what is it missing
a simplified organic formula - carbon and hydrogen labels, bonds to hydrogen atoms
47
What can be seen in skeletal formulae
bonds between carbons, functional groups
48
What are structural isomers
compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae
49
What are two common ways that molecules can have different structural formulae but the same molecular formulae
- same functional group at different positions on the carbon chain - different functional groups e.g. aldehydes and ketones
50
What is a covalent bond defined as
a shared pair of electrons between two atoms
51
What are two ways in which covalent bonds can be broken
- heterolytic fission - homolytic fission
52
What is homolytic fission - what happens to each atom involved
when the covalent bond breaks, each bonded atom takes one of the shared pair of electrons - each atom now has a single unpaired electron
53
What are atoms with single unpaired electrons after homolytic fission known as
radicals
54
What happens when a covalent bond breaks by heterolytic fission - what happens to each atom involved
one of the bonded atoms takes both electrons from the bond - the atom that takes both electrons becomes a negative ion - the atom that takes no electrons becomes a positive ion
55
What does the reaction mechanism show
how a reaction takes place
56
What are curly arrows in equations used to show - when are full and fish hook arrows used
the movement of electron pairs - full arrowheads are used during heterolytic fission. Half arrowheads are used during homolytic fission
57
What are the three types of reaction (organic)
- addition reaction - substitution reaction - elimination reaction
58
What are addition reactions (organic)
a molecule is added to an unsaturated alkene, breaking the double bond to form a saturated compound
59
What are substitution reactions (organic)
an atom/ group of atoms is replaced by another atom / group of atoms
60
What are elimination reactions
one reactant molecule breaks down into two smaller molecules, usually with a catalyst

A Level Chemistry (16 decks)

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