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Chemistry > Chapter 11 - Basic concepts of organic chemistry > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Basic concepts of organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is organic chemistry ?

A
  • Organic chemistry can be defined as the chemistry of carbon compounds
  • Generally contain C-H bonds and C-C bonds
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2
Q

Why is carbon so special ?

A

It is in group 4 which means it has 4 electrons in its outer shell and each carbon atom can form 4 covalent bonds to other atoms. Single, double and triple bonds.

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3
Q

What is a hydrocarbon ?

A

A compound containing only carbon and hydrogen.

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4
Q

What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbon ?

A

A saturated hydrocarbon only has single bonds whereas an unsaturated hydrocarbon contains multiple bonds.

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5
Q

What is a homologous series ?

A

A family of compounds with similar chemical properties, differing by the addition of a CH2 group

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6
Q

What is a functional group ?

A

The part of the organic molecule that is responsible for the molecule’s chemical properties.

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7
Q

What is an aliphatic hydrocarbon ?

A

Carbon atoms are joined to each other in straight chains

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8
Q

What is an alicyclic hydrocarbon ?

A

Carbon atoms are joined to each other in ring structures

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9
Q

What is an aromatic hydrocarbon ?

A

Some or all of the carbon atoms are found in a benzene ring

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10
Q

What is the difference between alkanes, alkenes and alkynes ?

A
  • Alkanes - single carbon carbon bonds
  • Alkenes - one or more carbon carbon double bond
  • Alkynes - one or more carbon carbon triple bond
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11
Q

What is the name of the first ten alkanes ?

A

Methane, Ethane, Propane, Butane, Pentane, Hexane, Heptane, Octane, Nonane and Decane.

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12
Q

What is the name of the first ten alkyl groups ?

A

Methyl, Ethyl, Propyl, Butyl, Pentyl, Hexyl, Heptyl, Octyl, Nonyl and Decyl.

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13
Q

What is the functional group and suffix for an alkene?

A
  • C=C

- -ene

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14
Q

What is the functional group and suffix for an alcohol?

A
  • -OH

- - ol

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15
Q

What is the functional group and prefix for a haloalkane?

A
  • Cl / Br / I

- Chloro- / Bromo- / Iodo-

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16
Q

What is the functional group and suffix for an aldehyde?

A
  • CHO

- - al

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17
Q

What is the functional group and suffix for a ketone?

A
  • -C(CO)C-

- - one

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18
Q

What is the functional group and suffix for a carboxylic acid?

A
    • COOH

- - oic acid

19
Q

What is a general formula ?

A

The simplest algebraic formula for any member of a homologous series.

20
Q

What is a displayed formula ?

A
  • Shows the relative positioning of all of the atoms in a molecule and the bonds.
  • (The one you draw out)
21
Q

What is structural formula?

A
  • Shows which groups are bonded together.

- (Written one) i.e. CH3CH2CH3

22
Q

What is the general formula for an alkane ?

A

CnH2n+2

23
Q

What is the general formula for a haloalkane ?

A

CnH2n+1X

24
Q

What is the general formula for an alkene ?

A

CnH2n

25
Q

What is the general formula for an alcohol ?

A

CnH2n+1OH

26
Q

What is the general formula for a carboxylic acid ?

A

CnH2nO2

27
Q

What is the general formula for a ketone ?

A

CnH2nO

28
Q

How is skeletal formula formed?

A
  • Remove all of the carbon and hydrogen labels from carbon chains
  • Remove any bonds to hydrogen atoms.
29
Q

How does skeletal formula work?

A
  • A line represents a single bond
  • An intersection of two lines represents a carbon atom
  • The end of a line represents a -CH3 group
30
Q

How are functional groups represented in skeletal formula ?

A
  • They must be added to the skeletal formula
  • A double bond is presented by two parallel lines
  • A CH3 group is shown by an extra line coming off of the carbon
  • A functional group is shown by a line coming off a carbon with the functional group at the end of the line
31
Q

What is an isomer ?

A

Different compounds with the same molecular formula

32
Q

What is a structural isomer ?

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula.

33
Q

What is a chain isomer ?

A

Chain isomers have the same molecular formula but a different arrangement of the carbon skeleton

34
Q

What is a position isomer ?

A

Position isomers have the same functional group of the molecule in a different position on the carbon chain

35
Q

What is a functional group isomer ?

A

Functional group isomers have the same molecular formula but the molecules have a different functional group

36
Q

What is homolytic fission ?

A

When a covalent bond breaks, each of the bonded atoms takes one of the shared pair of electrons.

37
Q

What is formed after homolytic fission ?

A

Two atoms each with unpaired electrons, they are called radicals

38
Q

What is heterolytic fission ?

A

When a covalent bond breaks, one of the bonded atoms takes both the electrons.

39
Q

What is formed from heterolytic fission?

A

A positive ion and a negative ion.

40
Q

What are curly arrows used to show?

A

The movement of electron pairs when bonds are being broken or made.

41
Q

What is an addition reaction?

A

Two reactants join together to form one product.

42
Q

What is a substitution reaction?

A

An atom or group of atoms is replaced by a different atom or group of atoms.

43
Q

What is an elimination reaction?

A

The removal of a small molecule from a larger one.

Chemistry (29 decks)

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