Chapter 11 - Basic concepts of organic chemistry Flashcards
What is organic chemistry ?
- Organic chemistry can be defined as the chemistry of carbon compounds
- Generally contain C-H bonds and C-C bonds
Why is carbon so special ?
It is in group 4 which means it has 4 electrons in its outer shell and each carbon atom can form 4 covalent bonds to other atoms. Single, double and triple bonds.
What is a hydrocarbon ?
A compound containing only carbon and hydrogen.
What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbon ?
A saturated hydrocarbon only has single bonds whereas an unsaturated hydrocarbon contains multiple bonds.
What is a homologous series ?
A family of compounds with similar chemical properties, differing by the addition of a CH2 group
What is a functional group ?
The part of the organic molecule that is responsible for the molecule’s chemical properties.
What is an aliphatic hydrocarbon ?
Carbon atoms are joined to each other in straight chains
What is an alicyclic hydrocarbon ?
Carbon atoms are joined to each other in ring structures
What is an aromatic hydrocarbon ?
Some or all of the carbon atoms are found in a benzene ring
What is the difference between alkanes, alkenes and alkynes ?
- Alkanes - single carbon carbon bonds
- Alkenes - one or more carbon carbon double bond
- Alkynes - one or more carbon carbon triple bond
What is the name of the first ten alkanes ?
Methane, Ethane, Propane, Butane, Pentane, Hexane, Heptane, Octane, Nonane and Decane.
What is the name of the first ten alkyl groups ?
Methyl, Ethyl, Propyl, Butyl, Pentyl, Hexyl, Heptyl, Octyl, Nonyl and Decyl.
What is the functional group and suffix for an alkene?
- C=C
- -ene
What is the functional group and suffix for an alcohol?
- -OH
- - ol
What is the functional group and prefix for a haloalkane?
- Cl / Br / I
- Chloro- / Bromo- / Iodo-
What is the functional group and suffix for an aldehyde?
- CHO
- - al
What is the functional group and suffix for a ketone?
- -C(CO)C-
- - one
What is the functional group and suffix for a carboxylic acid?
- COOH
- - oic acid
What is a general formula ?
The simplest algebraic formula for any member of a homologous series.
What is a displayed formula ?
- Shows the relative positioning of all of the atoms in a molecule and the bonds.
- (The one you draw out)
What is structural formula?
- Shows which groups are bonded together.
- (Written one) i.e. CH3CH2CH3
What is the general formula for an alkane ?
CnH2n+2
What is the general formula for a haloalkane ?
CnH2n+1X
What is the general formula for an alkene ?
CnH2n
What is the general formula for an alcohol ?
CnH2n+1OH
What is the general formula for a carboxylic acid ?
CnH2nO2
What is the general formula for a ketone ?
CnH2nO
How is skeletal formula formed?
- Remove all of the carbon and hydrogen labels from carbon chains
- Remove any bonds to hydrogen atoms.
How does skeletal formula work?
- A line represents a single bond
- An intersection of two lines represents a carbon atom
- The end of a line represents a -CH3 group
How are functional groups represented in skeletal formula ?
- They must be added to the skeletal formula
- A double bond is presented by two parallel lines
- A CH3 group is shown by an extra line coming off of the carbon
- A functional group is shown by a line coming off a carbon with the functional group at the end of the line
What is an isomer ?
Different compounds with the same molecular formula
What is a structural isomer ?
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula.
What is a chain isomer ?
Chain isomers have the same molecular formula but a different arrangement of the carbon skeleton
What is a position isomer ?
Position isomers have the same functional group of the molecule in a different position on the carbon chain
What is a functional group isomer ?
Functional group isomers have the same molecular formula but the molecules have a different functional group
What is homolytic fission ?
When a covalent bond breaks, each of the bonded atoms takes one of the shared pair of electrons.
What is formed after homolytic fission ?
Two atoms each with unpaired electrons, they are called radicals
What is heterolytic fission ?
When a covalent bond breaks, one of the bonded atoms takes both the electrons.
What is formed from heterolytic fission?
A positive ion and a negative ion.
What are curly arrows used to show?
The movement of electron pairs when bonds are being broken or made.
What is an addition reaction?
Two reactants join together to form one product.
What is a substitution reaction?
An atom or group of atoms is replaced by a different atom or group of atoms.
What is an elimination reaction?
The removal of a small molecule from a larger one.
