Chapter 11 - Anatomy of the Spine Flashcards

1
Q

Three primary ossification centers of the vertebra

A
  1. centrum: anterior vertebral body
  2. neural arch: posterior elements, pedicles, small portion of the anterior body
  3. costal element: anterior portion of lateral mass, transverse process, rib
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2
Q

Developmental origin of the nucleus pulposis

A

notochord cells

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3
Q

Developmental origin of the annulus fibrosis

A

sclerotomal cells

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4
Q

Most aggressive congenital scoliosis

A

hemivertebra with unsegmented bar on other side

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5
Q

Klippel-Feil syndrome

A

defect of cervical segmentation. (Cervical brevicollis)

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6
Q

Dorsal Column transmits what?

A

vibration, deep touch, proprioception

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7
Q

Lateral spinothalamic tract

A

pain and temperature

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8
Q

ventral spinothalamic tract

A

light touch sensation

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9
Q

Lateral corticospinal tracts

A

voluntary motor function

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10
Q

Most at risk cervical sympathetic ganglion

A

Middle ganglion, located at the medial border of the longus coli, at risk with C6 exposure

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11
Q

Damage to the sympathetic nervous system can cause what syndrome?

A

Horner’s syndrome - ptosis, miosis, anhydrosis

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12
Q

Innervation to the ALL, PLL, and intervertebral disc

A

Sinuvertebral nerve

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13
Q

Innervation to facet joint capsule

A

nerve to the facet capsule

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14
Q

What is the primary stabilizer of the C1-2 segment

A

Transverse atlantar ligament

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15
Q

How much lumbar lordosis occurs through L5-S1 and l4-S1

A

47% thru L5-S1, 75% from L4-S1
(average lumbar lordosis is 60degrees, range 20-80)

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16
Q

Pelvic parameters - pelvic incidence

A

Angle between
A line drawn from the center of the femoral hear to the midpoint of the sacral endplate
AND
A line perpendicular to the center of the sacral endplate
PI = PT + SS

17
Q

Increased pelvic incidence increases the risk of what condition

A

isthmic spondylolisthesis

Normal PI is 53+/-10degrees

18
Q

Pelvic parameters - pelvic tilt

A

Angle between
A vertical reference line
AND
A line drawn from the center of the femoral head to the center of sacral end plate

*** Pelvic tilt is influenced by Pelvic incidence

19
Q

Pelvic parameters - Sacral slope

A

angle between
A horizontal reference point
AND
The sacral end point line

Normal is 26.9 +/-8degrees

20
Q

Which pelvic parameter is NOT influenced by the position of the pwlvis in space?

A

Pelvic incidence

pelvic tilt and sacral slope depend on the position of the pelvis in space

21
Q

Vertebral artery enters the foramen transversarium at what level most commonly?

A

C6, less common is C5 > C7

22
Q

Pedicle size between T11-L2

A

T11,12 will have larger pedicles than L1-2

23
Q

Composition of annulus fibrosis

A

Type 1 collagen fibrills that are obliquely oriented

24
Q

Composition of nucleus pulposis

A

type 2 collagen

25
Q

Landmarks for the anterior cervical approach

A

C5-6 - cricoid cartilage
C4-5 - thyroid cartilage
C3 - hyoid bone
C2 - angle of mandible

26
Q

Nerves most at risk during ACDF approach?

A

recurrent and superior laryngeal nerves

27
Q

What sided approach is preferred in the anterolateral thoracolumbar approach

A

right side - allows more complete retraction (avoids heart, aorta, thoracic duct, and the artery of adamkiewicz all on left)

28
Q

what nerves are at risk during the anterolateral thoacolumbar approach?

A

Lumbar plexus (runs through posterior 2/3 of the iliopsoas), and the genitofemoral nerve directly anterior to the iliopsoas

29
Q

What lumbar level does the iliac crest correspond to?

A

L4-5

30
Q

Name the paraspinal muscles from medial to lateral

A

interspinalis, multifidus, longissimus, iliocostalis

31
Q

Safe zone for anterior halo pin placement

A

1cm above supraorbital ridge, below the equator, over the lateral 2/3 of the orbit

avoids supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves

32
Q

What structure is most at risk with bicortical C1 lateral mass screw placement and from C1-C2 transarticular screws?

A

Internal carotid a.

Lies 1mm anterior to ideal exit point of bicortical C1 lateral mass screw

33
Q

Ideal start point for C3-6 lateral mass screws

A

Just inside the inferior medial quadrant, aimed 30 degrees lateral, 15 degrees cephalad

34
Q

Where is the thickest cortex for thoracic pedicles?

A

medial

2-3x the lateral cortex

35
Q

Which thoracic vertebra has the smallest pedicle?

A

T5, and apical pedicles for scoli

36
Q

How to identify the midpoint of the lumbar pedicle?

A

midpoint of transverse process is typically in line with superior/inferior midpoint of the pedicle

37
Q

How to identify the medial border of the pedicle from l2-l4

A

In line with the lateral border of the pars