Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Sensation and Perception > chapter 11 > Flashcards

chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Inner hair cells in the cochlea form ____ with the ______

A

synapses

auditory nerve fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

TRUE or FALSE. the nerve fibers are bundled together in the seventh cranial nerve which goes directly to the brain.

A

False, they are bundled together in the eight cranial nerve.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Every nerve fiber has a frequency characteristic that is tuned to. This is consistent with ____?

A

The place code theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Do nerve fibers respond only to their tuned characteristic frequency?

A

No, they still respond to other frequencies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

In the visual system, we measure the orientation tuning of a neuron with the orientation tuning curve. With what do we measure the frequency tuning of a nerve fiber in the auditory system?

A

Frequency tuning curve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

____ neurons synapse at the Cochlear nucleus.

A

Afferent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the superior Hall?

A

It is an early brainstem region in the auditory pathway where inputs from both ears will converge.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the brainstem allow for?

A

It allows for a comparison between the stimuli coming from both ears in which it permits the auditory system to be sensitive at the time in which both ears hear a sound.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the inferior colliculus?

A

Midbrain nucleus and a part of the auditory pathway.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the Medial Geniculate Nucleus or MGN?

A

It is a part of the Thalamus that relay auditory signals to the Temporal Cortex and receive input from the Auditory cortex.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the primary auditory cortex? Also called___?

A

Also called A1, this is the first area responsible for processing acoustic information.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the function of the Trapezoid body?

A

The trapezoid body plays a critical role in the distinction of the location of sound.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

TRUE or FALSE. The cochlear nucleus has other sub-nuclei with specific functions.

A

True, more specifically the Cochlear nucleus is sensitive to the onset and offset of tones at particular frequencies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the function of the Superior Olive complex?

A

It receives information that is crucial in sound localization.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What happens to the ascending auditory signal when it passes from the superior hall to the midbrain?

A

It stops at the inferior colliculus which provides information to the MGN in the thalamus (second stop).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

From the superior Hall to the inferior colliculus to the MGN, what happens next to the auditory signal?

A

The MGN will project to the cortex as well as receiving information from it (bidirectional relationship).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

TRUE or FALSE. The auditory pathway has 2 signals traveling- one ascending and one descending.

A

True.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the Acoustic Reflex?

A

It limits the ossicles in their movements to protect the ears from damage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the “what” pathway of the auditory system?

A

The “What” pathway of the auditory system helps in identifying the identity of a sound.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where is the “what” pathway located in the brain?

A

It starts at the core region of the thalamus then go to the anterior part to end up in the frontal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the “where” pathway of the auditory system?

A

The “Where” pathway of the auditory system helps with both speech perception and music perception.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where is the “where” pathway located in the brain?

A

Localizing sound in space also begins like the “what” pathway so core region of the Thalamus to the anterior part of it to finish in the posterior parietal lobe.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the azimuth?

A

Left-right aspect of a sound signal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is Elevation?

A

Up-down aspect of a sound signal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is Distance?

A

Far-Close/Behind-Before aspect of a sound signal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is an acoustic shadow?

A

Especially for sounds above 1000 Hz, the head will block some of the energy reaching to the opposite ear. It is also called the “sound shadow”. It creates a level difference in the 2 ears.

27
Q

How do you use the interaural time difference?

A

This is used for sound localization and we basically draw a circle on a horizontal plane. We measure the loudness of a sound signal in ITDs.

28
Q

What consists of the largest magnitude heard in the interaural time difference?

A

It is coming directly at the side of your head and it’s 640 us of ITD.

29
Q

What consists of the lowest magnitude heard in the interaural time difference?

A

It is coming directly before or behind you and it has an ITD of 0 us.

30
Q

How much of a change can listeners detect?

A

Listeners can detect a change as low as 10 us per tones that are around 1000 Hz.

31
Q

In terms of how much variation there is in the time it takes for a _______ will really depend on ______ within the environment

A

sound to reach each ear

where the sounds comes from

32
Q

How good is the auditory system?

A

It is good enough to detect the angle of a sound source to within 1 degree of change.

33
Q

What can listeners detect?

A

We can detect very brief differences in the timing between the two ears. Listeners are better are worse at determining this depending on the frequency.

34
Q

TRUE or FALSE. In terms of ITDs, high frequencies (above 1000 Hz) makes us as good judges of sound as lower frequencies do.

A

False - it makes us poorer judges of sound.

35
Q

How are the medial superior olives involved in ITDs?

A

We think they contain binaural neurons that function as a mechanism for detecting specific ITDs. We think they represent azimuth -

36
Q

What happens to auditory information as it moves upwards through the auditory pathway?

A

With every single synapse that occurs, the timing between the 2 ears is likely to become less precise.

37
Q

What is special about the medial superior olives?

A

It’s the first place in the auditory system where input from both ears converge.

38
Q

What did Jefferson thought about ITDs inputs in the 2 ears?

A

He thought that the inputs would meet at the center of this array from both ears and it would form some kind of ladder.

39
Q

What role did the length of axons had for Jefferson?

A

Small differences in axon length could produce a way where we could compare the input from one ear to the other.

40
Q

What was the general idea of Jefferson about ITDs inputs?

A

The idea was that inputs would arrive at the same time only when input from one ear was delayed relative to the other. Then we only have to figure out the ITDs and the role of the medial superior olives.

41
Q

Sailey’s (?) et al., 2017, suggest what?

A

That the brain takes advantage of the Traveling Wave to use frequency differences to measure time.

42
Q

Neurons were tuned to _______ differences across the ears.

A

capture slight frequency

43
Q

What do the brain measure when the Traveling Wave move along the basilar membrane in the Cochlea?

A

The time.

44
Q

The brain takes these small differences in frequencies to measure differences in time (in Sailey’s (?) et al.,) which ____?

A

Makes us able to detect ITDs.

45
Q

TRUE or FALSE. Properties of the ILDs, in terms of sound localization, are fundamentally different to those of the ITDs.

A

False, they are, in fact, similar. But strength/magnitude of ILDs are greater for higher frequency sounds whereas ITDs above a 1000 Hz makes us poor judges in sound.

46
Q

Within the LSO (1), there are neurons sensitive to __2__ or ___3___ between the 2 ears.

A
  1. Lateral superior olives
  2. the intensity
  3. level differences
47
Q

Where do inhibitory connections come from?

A

From the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body.

48
Q

TRUE or FALSE. Neurons in the LSO are not that sensitive to the difference in the intensity/level across to the two ears.

A

False. They are very sensitive since excitatory signals and inhibitory signals are always competing with each other in order to localize sound.

49
Q

Explain what happens, in terms of Interaural Level Difference, when a sound enters the right ear. (Between the neural signals of both ears).

A

The connections from the right ear will be better at exciting the neurons of the right LSO and inhibit the neurons of the left LSO which tells us that the sound source is coming from the right ear.

50
Q

It is well-established that there is a confusion cone in ILDs and ITDs which tells that if a sound comes exactly from the exact opposite of a certain degree of the median place, we will perceive said sound as one auditory stream. How do the human body resolves that problem?

A

With head-movement! By turning our head, we readjust the median place which helps us locate the sound or sounds. The shape of our pinna can also help overcome the cone of confusion.

51
Q

How is the pinna shaped? How is the shape of the pinna helping the auditory system?

A

The pinna is shaped in bumps and folds which will create slight echoes and these echoes will amplify some frequencies and dampened others.
The spectral cue which basically is the change of frequency created by the pinna can be used to give information about the elevation of a sound.

52
Q

TRUE or FALSE. If Orlando Bloom puts on his elf-ears, his auditory system is not impaired - he will hear as he normally does with his own natural ears.

A

False. when the pinna is changed artificially, there is impairment in the perception of the elevation of a sound. However, this can be relearned with the new pinna and even go back to baseline levels so as good as before.

53
Q

How does the inverse law-square law helps us why we’re good at guessing the distance of a sound?

A

Only a small distance is required from the sound source to produce a relatively large intensity (amplitude) difference. In fact, only 1 meter away will be perceived as more intense by 6 dBs than when at 2 meters away.

54
Q

How are direct energy and reverberant energy help us in sound localization?

A

Relative amounts of direct vs. reverberant energy will tell us about the distance of a sound because when a sound source is close to the listener, most of the energy reaching the ear is direct.

55
Q

TRUE or FALSE. There is evidence suggesting regions of the occipital cortex are recruited or start analyzing auditory input when visual inputs are no longer available.

A

True! These people use echolocations to locate themselves in their environment. There is even “expert” echolocations who are able to distinguish sizes, shapes and even the material of objects.

56
Q

How does the auditory system distinguish sounds in the environment?

A

Through auditory scene analysis - similar to Fourier analysis.

57
Q

How does the auditory system knows what is coming from what?

A

Through harmonic coherence which is a strong predictor of how the auditory system will group sounds together.

58
Q

If 3 sounds are a __1__ of the fundamental frequency/1st harmonic, they will be perceived as __2__. Whereas if 3 sounds are __3__ of the fundamental frequency/1st harmonic, they will perceived as ___4___.

A
  1. multiple
  2. a single auditory stream.
  3. not a multiple.
  4. different auditory streams.
59
Q

TRUE or FALSE. if 2 sounds have the same harmonic coherence but comes at different places, we’ll perceive them as different auditory streams.

A

False, they will be perceived as a single auditory stream.

60
Q

What is grouping by synchrony?

A

If 2 sounds start at the same time or nearly at the same time, they’ll be perceived as a single auditory stream.

61
Q

what happens if there is a short time that separates two successive tones (lower frequency vs. higher frequency)?

A

The listener will perceive them as 2 different auditory streams.

62
Q

Mary goes to pick up a pizza while talking on the phone to her partner and, as she opens the door to enter the restaurant, her boyfriend talks at the same time a car honks in the parking lot. Even though the loud sound, Mary still hears what her partner is saying, what term can qualify this event?

A

Good continuation under Gestalt field.

63
Q

When watching a scary movie, the door of the house suddenly opens as your parents enter the house from an evening, you evidently jump at the sound. Why did you startle? What is called?

A

It’s called Acoustic Startle Reflex and it’s adaptive - serves to make yourself attentive to the sudden sound. Your emotional state affects the acoustic startle reflex which is why you startled in the first place.

64
Q

As you’re watching a series, your mother comes into your room and asks to talk to you. Instead of topping your series, you simply take out one of your earbuds while the episode still runs. At first, you concentrate on what your mother tells you but, as she speaks, your attention is suddenly captured back to your episode. That’s when you hear your mother say: “did you listen to what I just said?”. What happened to you?

A

Inattentional deafness.

Sensation and Perception (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions