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Sensation and Perception > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What constitute of a pure tone?

A
  1. Constant

2. One tone without overlap

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2
Q

What are some examples of complex tones?

A

bird songs, human voices

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3
Q

What constitute Frequency? Also called?

A

Also called “pitch”, the frequency constitutes the number of cycles. Frequency is measured in Hz.

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4
Q

What is the range of frequency that humans can hear?

A

20 to 20 000 Hz.

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5
Q

What can be the basis for some of the arguments between men and women as they grow older?

A

Since males have lower pitch and females have higher pitch, both start to lose the opposite pitch over time which could be at the base of arguments.

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6
Q

What happens to hearing as we grow older?

A

So both sexes loose the highest pitches.
As we reach 40 y/o, it is unlikely that we hear frequencies above 14 000 Hz.
AS we reach 50 y/o, it is unlikely that we hear frequencies above 12 000 Hz.
It is unpreventable.

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7
Q

What constitutes of amplitude? Also called?

A

Also called Loudness or intensity of sound stimulus. It is the length of the peak to the through. It is measured in dB.

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8
Q

What is the Audibility curve?

A

Absolute Threshold of hearing, we measure this with the method of constant stimuli.

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9
Q

What are phons?

A

Measure of loudness based on dB and 1kHz.

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10
Q

What is Equal Loudness Contours?

A

It looks at the intensity of a sound. It also looks at how two tones can be perceived as equally loud because they fall on the same phon-curve even though the the tones have different amplitudes.

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11
Q

What are waveforms also known as?

A

Timbre or sound quality

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12
Q

What is Timbre constituted of?

A

Timbre is constituted of complex sounds which are composed of pure tones.

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13
Q

What is the Fourier Analysis? Also called?

A

It is a mathematical procedure that describes how any signals can be decomposed into components, sine waves of different frequencies. It is also called FFA or Fast Fourier Analysis.

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14
Q

What does the FFA do?

A

The FFA will separate and break apart each sine wave to look at them individually.

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15
Q

What are Harmonics?

A

Harmonics provide Timbre. Their frequencies are the multiple of the fundamental frequency.
1st harmonic - 1xFundamental frequency,
2nd harmonic - 2XFundamental frequency.

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16
Q

What constitutes the outer ear?

A

The pinna, the external auditory canal and eardrum.

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17
Q

What is the pinna? What is its function?

A

The pinna is what we qualify as the “ear” externally. Its function is its shape, it helps with the sound localization. i.e., the ability to determine the direction where which the sound comes from.

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18
Q

What is the external auditory canal?

A

No matter what age, height or weight you are, the external auditory canal is around 25 mm long. The external auditory canal helps amplify certain higher frequencies.

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19
Q

What is the eardrum?

A

A thin, elastic diaphragm at the inner end of the auditory canal that vibrates in response to the sound waves that strike it; forms an airtight seal between the outer ear and the middle ear.

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20
Q

Damage in the _________ can result in permanent hearing loss but it has the ability to heal itself as seen in scuba divers.

A

Tympanic membrane

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21
Q

What are the Ossicles?

A

3 bones in the Middle ear that serves to amplify sound waves.

22
Q

The 3 bones constituting the Ossicles are the _____, the _____ and the _____

A

Malleus - chubby ghost
Incus - weird looking poop
Staples - lil’ fork

23
Q

What is the role of the Staples?

A

It pushes the oval window to let sound in the Cochlea.

24
Q

What constitutes of the inner ear?

A

The Cochlea, the Eustachian tube, round window (?)

25
Q

While the inner ear is ______, the outer and middle ear have ________.

A

immersed in liquid

air based sound waves.

26
Q

TRUE OR FALSE. 75% of air based sound waves will bounce off water rather than penetrate it.

A

False. It’s 90%

27
Q

The auditory system has to make sure we’re hearing all sound waves coming our way. How is it capable of relaying all sounds if the ears have the barrier air to liquid?

A

With the Ossicles. The Ossicles use a lever-action to increase pressure then transfer a large energy to a smaller area - the oval window.

28
Q

Are the Ossicles bigger than the oval window?

A

Yes, around 18 times bigger.

29
Q

What does the Eustachian Tube do?

A

It equalizes air pressure between the Tympanic membrane and the pharynx. It usually is closed in normal condition but opens when yawning or swallowing which can result in “popping your ears”.

30
Q

What is the Cochlea?

A

It’s a snail-like organ that gathers hair follicules. When unrolled it’s about 33 to 35 mm long. It holds the vestibular canal, the Tympanic membrane which, in turn, contains the helicotrema and the Cochlear duct which is separated from the Tympanic membrane by the Basilar membrane. It also holds the organ of corti

31
Q

What is the round window?

A

It’s an escape door from pressure - release valve for pressure waves

32
Q

What is the basilar membrane?

A

The basilar membrane is where sound is conducted.

33
Q

What is the perilymph?

A

It’s a liquid that looks like cerebral spinal fluid. It carries vibrations through the Cochlea.

34
Q

What is the “Traveling Wave”

A

The movement of the perilymph across the basilar membrane

35
Q

What is the Basilar membrane constituted of?

A

1 row of inner hair cells (Type I) and 3 rows of outer hair cells (Type II).

36
Q

What are the inner chair cells responsible of?

A

They are responsible for transducing the neural signal

37
Q

What are the outer hair cells responsible of?

A

They refine and amplify the soundwaves

38
Q

Movement in the basilar membrane makes the ____ bend which create a ________ within hair cells

A

stereocilia

change of voltage

39
Q

what is stereocilia? What use are they for?

A

They are filaments-shaped like on the hair cells and they release Neurotransmitters when they’re flexed.

40
Q

How does the stereocilia move?

A

The stereocilia are moved by the tectorial membrane and each filaments is connected by “tip-links”, a small thread.

41
Q

What happens if the tip-links are moved?

A

In results in the movement of stereocilia which leads to change in the voltage of hair cells which then release neurotransmitters which makes the auditory nerve sends a signal and there is perception of sound.

42
Q

What are the 2 codes that the auditory system uses to perceive sound frequencies?

A

The place code and the temporal code.

43
Q

What is the Place code?

A

It is the frequency representations based on the vibrations/displacements of the basilar membrane.

44
Q

In the place code, how is the basilar membrane involved?

A

The basilar membrane has sensitivity spread across sound frequencies along its length.
Close to the entrance = not flexible, i.e., represent high frequencies.
Close to the apex = flexible, i.e., represent low frequencies.
The basilar membrane basically does the Fourier analysis which hair cells that move help know the different frequencies and how much the hair cells fire. This signals frequency in 2 ways.

45
Q

What do place codes provide?

A

They provide a better representation of high frequency sounds.

46
Q

What is temporal code?

A

Frequency representation based on a match between the frequencies in incoming sound waves and the firing rates of auditory nerve fibers

47
Q

What is Phase Locking?

A

Phase locking provide Temporal Code - its existence means that the firing rate of a neuron will carry a temporal code.

48
Q

What is the Volley Principle?

A

All neurons do not fire at the same frequency (same sine wave) but when computer together, you get the full cycle and therefore, the frequency of a sound wave.

49
Q

What are some examples of hearing impairments?

A

Otitis if it gets severe - infected ear fluid which mostly clears up on its own
Osteosclerosis - abnormal bone growth around the ossicles. It is generally an inherited illness that affects the staples. It can be treated through surgery.
Damage to the Cochlea or the Auditory nerve - hair cells damage (drugs or overexposure), cancer treatments can also damage so they are administered only if it is a question of life and death.

50
Q

What sets damage to the cochlea/auditory nerve apart from the other hearing impairments?

A

Damage to the Cochlea or auditory nerve can be acquired or inherited.

Sensation and Perception (3 decks)

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