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Bio YR11 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the four main functions of the circulatory system

A
  • Transportation of water, oxygen and carbon dioxide
  • Distribution of nutrients and removal of wastes
  • Maintenance of body temperature
  • circulation of hormones
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2
Q

what are the three main components of the circulatory system

A

Blood, Blood vessels and the heart

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3
Q

what are the components of blood

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells, Plasma and platelets

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4
Q

What are red blood cells and what is another name for them

A

Erythrocytes contain haemoglobin to carry oxygen

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5
Q

What are white blood cells and what is another name for them

A

Leucocytes and they protect our body from disease

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6
Q

what are platelets and what is another name for them

A

Also called thrombocytes, block damage of wounds causing a clot to form

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7
Q

what is plasma

A

liquid component of the blood that holds blood cells, proteins and nutrients

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8
Q

explain the blood clotting process

A

platelets are irregularly shaped and move easily through smooth blood vessels when resting. They activate when they encounter a sharp edge caused by a cut. Release a substance which create a mesh of fibres. Fibres begin to close the wound

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9
Q

what characteristics of Erythrocytes make them ideal to transport oxygen

A

They contain haemoglobin, have no nucleus so there is more room for haemoglobin and they are shaped like biconcave discs which increases surface area

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10
Q

describe the uptake of oxygen in the lungs

A

When there is a high concentration of oxygen, the oxygen combines with haemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin. Where there is a low concentration of oxygen, the oxygen molecules dissociate from the haemoglobin.

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11
Q

How is carbon dioxide carried in blood

A

7% carried in plasma
23% attaches to haemoglobin
70% is carried as carbonic acid

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12
Q

what are the three types of blood vessels

A

Arteries, Veins and capillaries

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13
Q

what are the characteristics of arteries

A

Thick, carry blood away from heart, high blood pressure and oxygenated blood

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14
Q

what are the characteristics of veins

A

Thin, carries blood towards heart, low blood pressure, deoxygenated blood and have veins to prevent back flow

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15
Q

what are the characteristics of capillaries

A

Very thin (one cell), blood flows from artery to vein

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16
Q

What is the blood circulation pathway within the body

A

Right atrium —> tricuspid valve —> Right Ventricle —> Pulmonary valve —> Pulmonary Artery —> The Lungs —> Pulmonary Vein —> Left Atrium —> mitral valve —> Left Ventricle —> Aortic valve —> Aorta —> Body tissues —> Superior/inferior vena cava

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17
Q

what is pulmonary circulation

A

system of blood vessels that lead to and from the lungs

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18
Q

what is systemic circulation

A

the general body system of blood vessels

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19
Q

what is systole

A

The pumping phase of the cycle, when the muscle contracts

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20
Q

what is diastole

A

The filling phase, as the heart muscle relaxes

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21
Q

what is the main function of the lymphatic system

A

To collect some of the fluid that escapes from the blood capillaries and return it to the circulatory system.

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22
Q

what does the lymphatic system consist of

A

A network of lymph capillaries and lymph nodes

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23
Q

What is an open circulatory system

A

the circulatory system in which transport liquid washes freely over the internal organs. less efficient

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24
Q

what is a closed circulatory system

A

type of circulatory system in which blood is always closed within vessels at all times

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25
Q

Explain the circulatory system in a fish

A

Two chambered heart with one atrium and ventricle, oxygenated blood proceeds directly from the gills to the tissues

26
Q

Explain the circulatory system in amphibians

A

Two atria, one ventricle. blood doesn’t mix. Deoxygenated blood is sent to the lungs, oxygenated is delivered to the brain

27
Q

what are the four characteristics needed for gas exchange

A
  • Moist (gases dissolve in water)
  • Thin + permeable (quick and easy diffusion)
  • Large surface area to volume ratio (easy to meet requirements)
  • Maintain concentration gradient (ensure continuous movement)
28
Q

define endothermic

A

use internal processes to maintain body temp

29
Q

What is the pathway of oxygen in the body

A

Air —> mouth —> Trachea —> Bronchi —> Bronchioles —> Alveoli

30
Q

what is the alveoli

A

Air sac at the end of the bronchioles that provide a moist surface for oxygen to dissolve into.

31
Q

what is the epiglottis

A

small flap that closes off the trachea when eating

32
Q

what is the diaphragm

A

organ that contracts to moves air into and out of lungs Moves down when air comes in, up when air comes out

33
Q

what is the trachea

A

carries gases to the lungs via bronchi and bronchioles. Strengthened by rings of cartilage

34
Q

what is the bronchi

A

two branches of trachea that lead into lungs

35
Q

what are the bronchioles

A

Smaller tubes of bronchi

36
Q

how is our breathing rate controlled

A

by the amount of co2 in the blood

37
Q

what are the alveoli

A

tiny air sac located at the end of the bronchioles

38
Q

what happens if fish are taken out of water

A

Their gills will collapse as air cannot provide as much support as water does. The surface area available to exchange gases decrease dramitcally and the gills are no longer kept mpist

39
Q

define digestion

A

When large complex molecules are broken down into simple substances that are small enough to move across cell membranes

40
Q

what are the two types of digestion

A

Mechanical (chewing/muscle movements) and Chemical (enzymes)

41
Q

what is mechanical digestion

A

Food broken down into smaller pieces via physical means. Increases surface area for chemical digestion

42
Q

what is chemical digestion

A

when enzymes break down substances into simplest forms (eg carbs to glucose)

43
Q

what organs make up the digestive system

A

Mouth, Oesophagus, Stomach, Small intestine, large intestine

44
Q

What are the four main roles of the digestive system

A
  • Ingestion: Taking in of nutrients. Occurs in mouth and oesophagus
  • Digestion: breakdown of complex molecules into smaller ones. occurs in Stomach and small intestine
  • Absorption: The taking up of digested molecules into cells. Occurs in small intestine
  • Egestion: Removal of wastes from the body (Large Intestine)
45
Q

Describe ingestion in the mouth

A

Mechanical: teeth grind food into smaller pieces which increases surface area
Chemical: Amylase secreted from salivary glands break down complex carbs

46
Q

Describe Ingestion in the Oesophagus

A

Mechanical: Tongue pushes bolus into oesophagus
Chemical: Some amylase continues to break down starch

47
Q

Describe digestion in the stomach

A

Mechanical: Walls of stomach relax and contract, muscles churn food
Chemical: presence of food stimulates gastric juice to be secreted. Contains HCl (lowers pH of stomach for optimum enzyme efficiency), Pepsin (Break down proteins into smaller chains), Mucus (protects lining of stomach)

48
Q

what are the three parts of the small intestine

A

Duodenum, Jejunum, ileum

49
Q

describe digestion in the small intestine

A

Pancreatic juice enters duodenum. contains bicarbonate (neutralises acid from stomach), Bile (Breaks fats into smaller pieces to increase SA), Lipase (Breaks down fat into fatty acid), trypsin (breaks down polypeptides into smaller chains), Erepsin (completes breakdown of proteins into Amino acids)

50
Q

Describe absorption in the small intestine

A

Lining moist + thin with rich supply of Blood vessels, villi project from surface which increases SA

51
Q

describe egestion in the large intestine

A

Compact undigested food, absorb water + some salts back into body, push wastes through rectum

52
Q

what are three parts of the large intestine

A

transverse colon, Ascending colon, Descending colon

53
Q

what are the four unique parts of a cows stomach

A

Reticulum, Omasum, Abomasum and the Rumen

54
Q

what is the reticulum

A

the first chamber of the four chambered stomach of cud chewing animals. Where grass forms ball of cud that is regurgitated and chewed again

55
Q

what is the omasum

A

the fourth chamber of the four chambered stomach of cud chewing animals. contents of rumen empty into here

56
Q

what is the abomasum

A

the true stomach of cud chewing animals

57
Q

what is the rumen

A

the largest chamber of the four chambered stomach of cud chewing animals. where cud goes after being swallowed again, here is mixes with cellulose digesting bacteria

58
Q

what is the main function of the lymphatic system

A

To collect some of the fluid that escapes from the blood capillaries and return it to the circulatory system.

59
Q

What does the lymphatic system consist of

A

A network of lymph capillaries and lymph nodes

60
Q

what is lymph

A

Colourless fluid that circulates through the lymphatic vessels to be returned to blood

Bio YR11 (13 decks)

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