chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

imperfect competition

A
  • between perfectly competitive and monopoly

- monopolistic competition: large number of firms that produce slightly different products that are close subs

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2
Q

oligopoly

A
  • industries with few large firms
  • produce homogeneous products, limited control over price
  • mutual interdependence
  • strategic behaviour
  • hard to enter market
  • sometimes mergers result and get more monopoly power
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3
Q

industrial concentration

A
  • industry with few large firms

- measured by concentration ratio

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4
Q

concentration ratio

A
  • fraction of total market sales controlled by specific number of industry’s largest firms
  • four firm ratio: output of four largest firms/total output in industry
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5
Q

firms choose their products

A
  • decide characteristics of new products to design and sell
  • firms sell array of differentiated products: similar enough to be called the same but disimmilar enough to be sold at different prices
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6
Q

firms choose their prices

A
  • when products are not identical they must decide on a price to set
  • price setters
  • downward sloping demand
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7
Q

typical behaviour of firms in imperfect competition

A
  • spend lots on advertising
  • engage in a variety of forms of non price competition like offering competing standards of quality and product guarantees
  • many firms engage in activities that appear to be designed to hinder entry of new firms preventing erosion of existing profits
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8
Q

assumptions of monopolistic competition

A
  • each firm produces own version of differentiated product, faces demand curve that is highly elastic even though neg slope bc of close subs
  • all firms have same technology and same cost curves
  • industry contains so many firms that each one ignores competitors when making price and output decisions
  • firms free to enter and exit industry
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9
Q

profits of monopolistic competition theory

A
  • in short run, downward demand curve
  • maximizes profits at quantity where MC = MR
  • possible to break even, make positive or negative profits
  • when making positive profits there is an incentive for firms to enter
  • in long run entry of new firms shifts demand curve to left until profits are eliminated
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10
Q

dilemma of oligopoly

A
  • if firms cooperate, can maximize joint profits
  • can reach cooperative (collusive) outcome
  • industry outcome reached when firms proceed by calculating only their own gains without cooperative: non cooperative outcome
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11
Q

game theory

A
  • theory that studies decision making in situations where one player anticipates reactions of other players to its own actions
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12
Q

prisoners dilemma

A
  • potential conflict between self interest of individuals and broader interest of communities
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13
Q

dominant strategy

A
  • strategy that yields higher payoff regardless of what other players choose
  • each player has one - dilemma is that payoffs are smaller than they would be if each player had played a dominant strategy
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14
Q

dominated strategy

A
  • any other strategy available to player that has dominant strategy
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15
Q

what if both follow dominant strategy

A

both will do worse

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16
Q

nash equilibrium

A
  • any combination of strategies where each players strategy is best choice given other players strategies