Chapter 11

Question 1

What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic rewards?

Answer 1

Intrinsic - the personal satisfaction you feel when you perform well and achieve goal

Extrinsic - something given to you by someone else as a recognition for good work

Question 2

What is scientific management?

Answer 2

Studying workers to find the most efficient ways of doing things and then teaching people those techniques

Question 3

What are time-motion studies?

Answer 3

Studies of the tasks performed to complete a job and the time needed to do each task

Question 4

What is the principle of motion?

Answer 4

Shows that every job could be broken down into a series of elementary notions

Question 5

What did Elton Mayo’s Hawthorne Study reveal?

Answer 5

• Gave birth to the concept of human-based motivation
• Tested the degree of lighting associated with optimum productivity
• Productivity of the experimental group went up regardless of whether lighting was bring or dum compared to others doing the same work
• Researchers found that workers in the study though of themselves as a social group, felt more special and tried to stay in the group

Question 6

What does the Hawthorne Effect refer to?

Answer 6

The tendency for people to behave differently when they know they are being studied

Question 7

What is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?

Answer 7

• A theory of motivation that places different types of human needs in order of importance
  1. Physiological - food, water
  2. Safety - security
  3. Social - acceptance
  4. Esteem - recognition
  5. Self-Actualization - potential

Question 8

What were Frederick Herzberg’s motivating factors?

Answer 8

1. Sense of Achievement
2. Earned Recognition
3. Interest in the work
4. Opportunity for growth
5. Opportunity for advancement
6. Importance of responsibility
7. Peer and group relations
8. Pay

Question 9

What is job enrichment?

Answer 9

A motivational strategy that emphasized motivating the worker through the job itself

Question 10

What 5 characteristics that affect individual motivation?

Answer 10

1. Skill Variety
2. Task Identity
3. Task Significance
4. Authority
5. Feedback

Question 11

Explain Douglas McGregor’s Theory X and Y

Answer 11

• Managers’ attitudes generally fall into one of two different sets of assumptions

Theory X

• the average person dislikes work and will avoid it
• workers must be forced, controlled and directed into achieving organizational goals
• primary motivators are fear and money

Theory Y

• most people like work
• most people work towards a goal
• some people seek responsibility
• people are motivated by a variety of rewards

Question 12

What is goal setting theory and how does it improve employee performance?

Answer 12

Setting ambitious but attainable goals can motivate workers and improve performance

1. By stretching the intensity of effort
2. By giving employees clearer role perceptions

Question 13

What is management by objectives (MBO)?

Answer 13

A system of goal setting and implementation that involves a cycle of discussion, review and evaluation

Question 14

What is reinforcement theory?

Answer 14

Based on the idea that positive and negative reinforcers motivate a person to behave in certain ways

Question 15

What is equity theory?

Answer 15

Deals with the idea that employees try to maintain equity between inputs and outputs compared to others in similar positions

Question 16

What are direct costs of unhappy workers?

Answer 16

• Time and cost to hire replacements

- Costs related to on boarding