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Biology > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Gene pool

A

The collection of alleles found in all of the individuals of a population

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2
Q

Allele frequency

A

A measure of how common a certain allele is in the population

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3
Q

Mutation

A

A random change in the DNA of a gene

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4
Q

Recombination

A

Forms new combinations of alleles

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5
Q

Hybridization

A

The crossing of two different species

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6
Q

Normal distribution

A

Highest frequency near average value and lower frequency toward each extreme value

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7
Q

Microevolution

A

The observable change in the allele frequencies of a population over time

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8
Q

Directional selection

A

one extreme phenotype is favored by natural selection

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9
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

intermediate phenotypes are favored by natural selection

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10
Q

Disruptive selection

A

both extreme phenotypes are favored by natural selection

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11
Q

What are the three pathways of natural selection

A

Directional, stabilizing, and disruptive selection

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12
Q

Gene flow

A

The movement of alleles from one population to another

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13
Q

When does gene flow occur

A

Occurs when individuals join new populations and reproduce.

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14
Q

Genetic drift

A

Changes in allele frequencies that are due to chance

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15
Q

How does genetic drift work

A

Causes a loss of genetic diversity

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16
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

Describes the effect of a disruptive event that leaves only a few survivors in a population

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17
Q

When does the bottleneck effect occur

A

Occurs after an event greatly reduces the size of the population

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18
Q

When does sexual selection occur

A

Occurs when certain traits increase mating success

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19
Q

Intra selection

A

Competition among males, the winner wins the female

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20
Q

Intersection

A

Males display certain traits that attract the female

21
Q

What are the five conditions required to be in equilibrium

A

Very large population-no genetic drift
no emigration or imigration-no gene flow can occur
no mutations-no new alleles can be added to the gene pool
random mating-no sexual selection can occur
no natural selection- all traits must equally aid in survival

22
Q

what is the Hardy-Wienberg equations

A

1) p2+2pq+q2=1

2) p+q=1

23
Q

what is the p2

A

homozygous dominant

24
Q

what is the 2pq

A

heterozygous

25
Q

what is the q2

A

homozygous recessive

26
Q

what is the p

A

dominant alleles

27
Q

what is the q

A

frequency of recessive alleles

28
Q

what are the five factors that can lead to evolution

A

Genetic dirift, gene flow, mutations, sexual selection, and natural selection

29
Q

what is genetic drift

A

allele frequencies can change due to chance alone

30
Q

what is gene flow

A

the movement of alleles from one population to another

31
Q

what creates genetic variation needed for evolution

A

mutations

32
Q

what is it called when certain traits may improve mating success

A

sexual selection

33
Q

what is it called when certian traits may be an advantage for survival

A

natural selection

34
Q

reproductive isolation

A

occurs when members of different populations can no longer mate successfully

35
Q

speciation

A

the rise of two or more species from one existing species

36
Q

behavioral isolation

A

isolation caused by differences in courtship or mating behaviors

37
Q

geographic isolation

A

physical barriers that divide a population into two or more groups

38
Q

temporal isolation

A

exists when timing prevents reproduction before populations

39
Q

which type of isolation involves factors of time

A

temporal isolation

40
Q

which type of isolation involve mating or courtship rituals

A

behavioral isolation

41
Q

which type of isolation can isolation can involve physical barriers

A

geographic isolation

42
Q

convergent evolution

A

evolution toward similar characteristics in unrelated species

43
Q

divergent evolution

A

closely related species evolve in different directions they become increasingly different

44
Q

example of convergent evolution

A

wings on birds and insects

45
Q

example of divergent evolution

A

red fox and the kit fox

46
Q

what is coevolution

A

the process in which two or more species evolve in response to changes in each other

47
Q

extinction

A

the elimination of a species from earth

48
Q

punctuated equilibrium

A

states that episodes of speciation occur suddenly in geologic time and are followed by long periods of little evolutionary change

49
Q

adaptive radiation

A

the rapid evolution of many diverse species from ancestral species

Biology (3 decks)

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