Chapter 10 Flashcards
Analogous structures
Structures that perform a similar function, but are not similar in origin
Paleontology
The study of fossils or extinct organisms. Continues to provide new information and support current hypotheses about how evolution occurs
What are the four sources of evidence for evolution upon witch Darwin based on his ideas on common descent
Fossils, geography, anatomy, embryology
Describe fossils
- provides evidence of evolution fossils in bottom layers (older layers) are more primitive than those of the upper layers (newer layers)
Describe geography
- island species most closely resemble species on the nearest mainlands
- Darwin hypothesized that at some point in the past, some individuals from the South American mainland had migrated to the islands
- provides evidence of evolution
Describe embryology
- provides evidence of evolution
- identical larvae, different adult body forms
- similar embryos, diverse organisms suggest evolution from a distant common ancestor
Describe anatomy
- provides evidence of evolution
* not evidence of common
Describe a homologous structure
# homologous structure
^ features that are similar in structures but appear in different organisms and have different functionsDescribe a vestigial structure
# vestigial structures
^remnants of organs or structures that a function in an early ancestor
^underdeveloped or unused featuresHow does paleontology contribute to evolutionary biology
Provides new information and supports current hypotheses
DNA Sequence Analysis
- sequence of nucleotides in a gene change over time due to mutations
- depends on the fact that the more related two organisms are, the more similar their DNA will be
Pseudogenes
- sequence providing evidence of evolution
- no longer function
- carried along with functional DNA
- change as they are passed on through generations
- provide another way to figure out evolutionary relationships
Homeobox genes ( how genes)
- control the development of specific structures
- indicate a very distinct common ancestor
- evidence of homeobox gene clusters are found in organisms that lived as far back as 600 million years ago
Protein comparisons
- similarities among cell types across organisms can be revealed by comparing their proteins, a technique called molecular fingerprinting
- a unique set of proteins are found in specific types of cell types
- cells from different species that have the same proteins most likely come from a common ancestor
Biogeography
The study of the distribution of organisms around the world
Evolution
The process of biological change by which descendants come to differ from their ancestors
Species
A group of organisms so similar to one another that they can reproduce and have fertile offspring
Fossils
Traces of organisms that existed in the past
Catastrophism
States that natural disasters have happened during earth’s long history
Example of catastrophism
Floods, volcanoes, earthquakes
Example of protein comparison
Appendix in humans
Vestigial structures
Remnants of organs and structures
Homologous structures
Features that are similar in structure but spear in different organisms and have different functions
Fitness
Measure of ability to survive and produce offspring
Gradualism
Theory of slow change over long periods of time
Uniformitarianism
Theory that, processes that can be seen today also occurred in the past
Adaptation
Feature that allows an organism to better survive in its environment
_____________ is a beneficial feature that helps survival
Adaptation
Variation
The difference in the physical traits of an individual from those of other individuals in the group to which it belongs
Heritability
The ability of a trait to be passed down from one generation to the next
Population
All the individuals of a species that live in an area
Artificial selection
humans choosing particular traits for breeding
Natural selection
Theory of how evolution occurs
________________ is a Mechanism by which individuals that have inherited beneficial adaptations produce more offspring on average than do there individuals
Natural selection
Examples of gradualism
Canyons carved by rivers
Example of uniformitarianism
Rock strata, add up over long periods of time
_________________ is Members of a group that can interbreed
Species
What is a Process of biological change over time
Evolution
Linnaeus
Developed a classification system for all organisms know at that time, form kingdom to species
Buffon
Proposed that species shared ancestors instead of arising separately
E. Darwin
Proposed that all living things were descended from a common ancestor and that more complex forms of life arose from less complex forms
Lamarck
Proposed that all organisms evolved toward perfection and complexity
Who proposed a new system of organization for plants, animals, and minerals based on there similarities
Linnaeus
Who discussed important ideas about relationships among organisms, sources, of biological variation, and the possibility of evolution
Buffon
Who concise red how organisms could evolve through mechanisms such as competition
E. Darwin
Who presented evolution as occurring due to the environmental change over long periods of time
Lamarck
What is the difference between artificial selection and natural selection
Artificial selection is when people humans interbreed plants and animals and natural selection is
