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Biology > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Analogous structures

A

Structures that perform a similar function, but are not similar in origin

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2
Q

Paleontology

A

The study of fossils or extinct organisms. Continues to provide new information and support current hypotheses about how evolution occurs

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3
Q

What are the four sources of evidence for evolution upon witch Darwin based on his ideas on common descent

A

Fossils, geography, anatomy, embryology

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4
Q

Describe fossils

A
  • provides evidence of evolution fossils in bottom layers (older layers) are more primitive than those of the upper layers (newer layers)
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5
Q

Describe geography

A
  • island species most closely resemble species on the nearest mainlands
  • Darwin hypothesized that at some point in the past, some individuals from the South American mainland had migrated to the islands
  • provides evidence of evolution
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6
Q

Describe embryology

A
  • provides evidence of evolution
  • identical larvae, different adult body forms
  • similar embryos, diverse organisms suggest evolution from a distant common ancestor
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7
Q

Describe anatomy

A
  • provides evidence of evolution

* not evidence of common

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8
Q

Describe a homologous structure

A 
# homologous structure
       ^ features that are similar in structures but appear in different organisms and have different functions
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9
Q

Describe a vestigial structure

A 
# vestigial structures 
       ^remnants of organs or structures that a function in an early ancestor
       ^underdeveloped or unused features
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10
Q

How does paleontology contribute to evolutionary biology

A

Provides new information and supports current hypotheses

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11
Q

DNA Sequence Analysis

A
  • sequence of nucleotides in a gene change over time due to mutations
  • depends on the fact that the more related two organisms are, the more similar their DNA will be
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12
Q

Pseudogenes

A
  • sequence providing evidence of evolution
  • no longer function
  • carried along with functional DNA
  • change as they are passed on through generations
  • provide another way to figure out evolutionary relationships
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13
Q

Homeobox genes ( how genes)

A
  • control the development of specific structures
  • indicate a very distinct common ancestor
  • evidence of homeobox gene clusters are found in organisms that lived as far back as 600 million years ago
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14
Q

Protein comparisons

A
  • similarities among cell types across organisms can be revealed by comparing their proteins, a technique called molecular fingerprinting
  • a unique set of proteins are found in specific types of cell types
  • cells from different species that have the same proteins most likely come from a common ancestor
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15
Q

Biogeography

A

The study of the distribution of organisms around the world

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16
Q

Evolution

A

The process of biological change by which descendants come to differ from their ancestors

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17
Q

Species

A

A group of organisms so similar to one another that they can reproduce and have fertile offspring

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18
Q

Fossils

A

Traces of organisms that existed in the past

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19
Q

Catastrophism

A

States that natural disasters have happened during earth’s long history

20
Q

Example of catastrophism

A

Floods, volcanoes, earthquakes

21
Q

Example of protein comparison

A

Appendix in humans

22
Q

Vestigial structures

A

Remnants of organs and structures

23
Q

Homologous structures

A

Features that are similar in structure but spear in different organisms and have different functions

24
Q

Fitness

A

Measure of ability to survive and produce offspring

25
Q

Gradualism

A

Theory of slow change over long periods of time

26
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

Theory that, processes that can be seen today also occurred in the past

27
Q

Adaptation

A

Feature that allows an organism to better survive in its environment

28
Q

_____________ is a beneficial feature that helps survival

A

Adaptation

29
Q

Variation

A

The difference in the physical traits of an individual from those of other individuals in the group to which it belongs

30
Q

Heritability

A

The ability of a trait to be passed down from one generation to the next

31
Q

Population

A

All the individuals of a species that live in an area

32
Q

Artificial selection

A

humans choosing particular traits for breeding

33
Q

Natural selection

A

Theory of how evolution occurs

34
Q

________________ is a Mechanism by which individuals that have inherited beneficial adaptations produce more offspring on average than do there individuals

A

Natural selection

35
Q

Examples of gradualism

A

Canyons carved by rivers

36
Q

Example of uniformitarianism

A

Rock strata, add up over long periods of time

37
Q

_________________ is Members of a group that can interbreed

A

Species

38
Q

What is a Process of biological change over time

A

Evolution

39
Q

Linnaeus

A

Developed a classification system for all organisms know at that time, form kingdom to species

40
Q

Buffon

A

Proposed that species shared ancestors instead of arising separately

41
Q

E. Darwin

A

Proposed that all living things were descended from a common ancestor and that more complex forms of life arose from less complex forms

42
Q

Lamarck

A

Proposed that all organisms evolved toward perfection and complexity

43
Q

Who proposed a new system of organization for plants, animals, and minerals based on there similarities

A

Linnaeus

44
Q

Who discussed important ideas about relationships among organisms, sources, of biological variation, and the possibility of evolution

A

Buffon

45
Q

Who concise red how organisms could evolve through mechanisms such as competition

A

E. Darwin

46
Q

Who presented evolution as occurring due to the environmental change over long periods of time

A

Lamarck

47
Q

What is the difference between artificial selection and natural selection

A

Artificial selection is when people humans interbreed plants and animals and natural selection is

Biology (3 decks)

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