Chapter 11

Question 1

Similarity between Analogy Argument and Generalization Argument

Answer 1

1. Both forms of the argument begin with a sample
2. identify property of the members of that sample
3. and conclude that the property is also shared by one or more items outside the sample

Question 2

Difference between Analogy Argument and Generalization Argument

Answer 2

I.G.A: the target is a group of things..

A.A: the target is one single thing..

Question 3

Analogy

Answer 3

when you compare between 2 or more things.

used in explanations, illustrations or descriptions.

Question 4

Primary Subject

Answer 4

the topic that the conclusion is about.
main subject that it will be compared to.
ex: dogs are a lot like wolves.
dogs = primary subject.

Question 5

Analogue

Answer 5

the subject that the primary subject is being compared to.
ex: dogs are a lot like wolves
wolves = analogue.

Question 6

precedent

Answer 6

a relatively similar case that has already been resolved. Do you be consistent and treat each case the same? or differently?

Question 7

refutation by logical analogy

Answer 7

The refutation of one argument by the construction of another that is parallel to it in reasoning and is clearly flawed.

Question 8

a prirori analogy

Answer 8

• may be real or imaginary.

- there is an appeal to consistency.

Question 9

Inductive analogy

Answer 9

two or more things are similar in some respects and concludes that they are probably also similar in some further respect.

Question 10

Counter analogy

Answer 10

e

Question 11

Faulty analogy

Answer 11

(Fallacy)
(overall)
when the argument is so loose and remote that there is virtually no support for the conclusion.

Question 12

fallacy of two wrongs make a right

Answer 12

(Fallacy)
saying it’s correct because two wrong things are similar and one is tolerated, the other should be tolerated as well.
(misuses the appeal to consistency)
ex: we kill farm animals for food, so why can’t we kill cats and dogs for food.

Question 13

Fallacy of slippery precedent

Answer 13

(Fallacy)
argument based on saying that a certain action is bad (actually good) should not be permitted because it will set a precedent for further similar actions that are bad.

Question 14

Evaluating Inductive Analogy

Answer 14

• primary subject
• analogue
• identify similarities between primary subject and analogue
• are the premises acceptable?
  1. truth:
  2. Relevance:
  3. Number of Similarities:
• assess the G condition

Question 15

difference between a priori and analogy

Answer 15

a priori: common in ethics, law and in matters of classification. can be real or imaginary. Consistency is important.
inductive analogy: common in history, medicine and science. Analogue can only be something that exists now or used to exist.

Question 16

Analogy form

Answer 16

1. a,b,c,d all have the attributes P and Q
2. a,b,c all have the attribute R
3. therefore, d probably has the attribute R

Question 17

principle of consistency

Answer 17

similar cases ought to be treated similarly.

Question 18

Analogy form

Answer 18

B is like A in many ways
A has property G
therefore, probably B has property G