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PSYA02 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

concerns physiological and psychological processes underlying initiation of behaviours that direct organisms toward specific goals

A

Motivation

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2
Q

Motives have two main parts:

A
  • Drives – physiological triggers that tell us that we may be deprived of something and cause us to seek out what is needed (i.e.food)
  • Incentives – aka the goals; the stimuli that we seek to reduce the drives (i.e. social approval and companionship)
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3
Q

physiological triggers that tell us that we may be deprived of something and cause us to seek out what is needed (i.e.food)

A

drives

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4
Q

aka the goals; the stimuli that we seek to reduce the drives (i.e. social approval and companionship)

A

incentives

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5
Q

body’s physiological processes that allow it to maintain consistent internal states in responses to the outer environment
• i.e. body temperature, huger, thirst

A

Homeostasis

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6
Q

the motivation to eat

A

Hunger

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7
Q

a full stomach; point in a meal when we are no longer motivated to eat
• Homeostasis of food intake is balanced with hunger motives and satiation

A

Satiation

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8
Q

On and off switches found in regions of the ________

A

hypothalamus!

  • Lateral hypothalamus – “on” switch
  • Ventromedial hypothalamus – “off” switch (damage to this area leads to obesity in animals)
  • Paraventricular nucleus – signals stop by inhibiting lateral hypothalamus
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9
Q

a sugar that serves as a primary energy source for the brain and rest of the body

A

Glucose

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10
Q

highly specialized neurons that can detect glucose levels in the fluid outside the cell
• When glucose levels drop, glucostats signal the hypothalamus that energy supply is low and hunger increases

A

Glucosats

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11
Q

a hormone secreted by the pancreas; helps cells store circulating glucose for future use

A

Insulin

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12
Q

horomone secreed in stomach and stimulates stomach contractions and increase apptite
• Also secreed in hypothalamus where it functions to decrease appetite

A

Ghrelin

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13
Q

as intestines expand, neurons release CCK and communicated with hyp that it is time to stop eating

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

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14
Q

Sucrose can stimulate release of neurotransmitter ______ in the nucleus accumbens (brain region associated with reinforcing effects of substances such as amphetamines and cocaine)

A

dopamine

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15
Q

• Eating is more than just maintaining homeostasis

A

Taste as another powerful force behind our motivation to eat

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16
Q

Why dietary fat can be so tempting?

A

• Fats in food such as red meat, ice cream, cheese
• Why are people so driven to consumer these fatty foods?
• Taste is based on pattern of stimulation of receptors on the tongue and mouth
o Help us decide what food to eat or reject
Long-term consumption of food with high fat content is associated with cardiovascular disease and other health problems
• We crave fats bc we have receptors on the tongue that are sensitive to the fat content of food
• These receptors send messages to the brain and stimulate release of endorphins and dopamine (responsible for the sense of pleasure and reward)

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17
Q

touch receptors in mouth detect the textures and relay the info here; contributes info to overall sensation of eating
• Distinguishing from runny vs thick sauce

A

Orbitofrontal cortex

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18
Q

directly to stomach for nutrients without the experience of eating and feeling textures
• The pleasure of food is motivation enough to eat even though we do not actually need the nutrients

A

Tube feeding

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19
Q
  • How food avaiablity affects how much we eat
  • The bottomless bowl – we cannot keep track of how much we have consumed
  • Unit bias – tendency to assume that the unit of sale or portioning is an appropriate aount to consume
A

Food Variety and Eating

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20
Q
  • It is more than just a physical drive; there are social motives to eat as well
  • Presence of people seems to increase motivation to eat or decrease food intake
A

Eating and the Social Context

Social facilitation – eating more

Impression management –eating less; minimal eating norm

Modelling – eating whatever they eat

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21
Q

disorder of postive energy balance; energy intake exceeds energy expenditure

A

Obesity

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22
Q

Anorexia and bulimia

A

• Anorexia nervosa – an eating disorder that involves
o 1) self-starvation
o 2) intense fear of gaining weight and distorted perception of body image
o 3) denial of serious conseuqnece of severly low weight

• Bulimia nervosa – characterized by period of food deprivation, binge-eating and purging

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23
Q

the motivation for sexual activity and pleasure

On average, men become sexually aroused more often, fantasize more , masturbate more, and desire more sexual partners than women

A

Libido

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24
Q
  • Humans have many motives for pursing and having sex

* Notable observation – sex frequently occurs without the end goal of reproduction

A

• Sex serves many purposes other than reproduction

25
Q

• Alfred Kinsey researched on human sexuality by interviewing students about their sexual histories (back when it was offensive to apply science to sexuality)

A

A Continuum Sexual Orientation

26
Q

• Physical, personal, and social fators underlie sexual motivation
o In Meston and Buss study, physical reasons were related to pleasure of sex itself as well as to orgasm

A

o Instrumental reasons - sex as a means of accomplishing a goal (financial or personal gain, or revenge)
o Emotional reasons – feelings of insecurity

27
Q

• Masters and Johnson

phases of physiological change during sexual activity, which comprise of four primary stages:

A

• Sexual response cycle

o	Excitement
o	Plateau
o	Orgasm
o	Resolution
•	Refractory period – time period during which erection and orgasm are not physically possible
28
Q

inability to achieve or maintain an erection

• Viagra

A

Erectile dysfunction (ED)

29
Q
  • Medial treatments – estrogen replacement therapy

* May arise from depression or anxiety

A

Painful intercourse or lack of arousal

30
Q

use of internet and computer equipment for sending sexually explicit images and messages to partner
“sexting”

A

cybersex

31
Q

use of internet and computer equipment for sending sexually explicit images and messages to partner
“sexting”

A

sexual orientation

32
Q

Long struggle to find a satisfactory explantion for variations in sexual orientation

A
  • Freud – male homosexuality could be traced to presence of domineering mother and weak father figure
  • Ellis and Ames – homosexuality caused by experiencing seduction from an older sibling or playmate
  • Based on choices or biological related factors
33
Q

LeVay compared brains of gay males vs heterosexual males

A

Found that the hypothalamus of gay males were smaller

  • “nature vs nurture” issue
  • patterns of brain activity…more on 414
34
Q

horome involved in developemf of sex characteristic sa nd motivation of sexual behvariour (found in both females and males although typically higher in males)

• Surges in testosterone assoacited w elevaeted sexual arousal
• Long-term effect on sexual development
• During huan development, amount of testosterone the fetus encounters influences behaviour later in life
o Excess amount = boys who are more masculine or females that show typical male behaviour or homosexual behaviour
o Low levels = feminization (even if fetus is female or male)

A

testosterone

35
Q

gay males tend to have larger number of older brothers than hetero male (415)

A

Prenatal testosterone

36
Q

• Sexual orienation may be influences by a combination of genes

A

• Evidence from twin studies:

o Higher genetic correlations bt identical twins vs fraternal

37
Q

Motivation seeks to meet our complex social and personal needs

A

SOCIAL AND ACHEIVEMENT MOTIVATION

38
Q
  • Besides basic needs for survival, there are other neecessities such as meaningful relationships and continuing with uniquely human needs such as self-esteem and self-actualization (finding purpose for life)
  • Abraham Maslow conceived increasingly complexity of motivational needs
  • “hierarchy of needs” (419)
A

The Need to Belong

39
Q

Belonging is a Need, Not a Want

aka affiliation motivation; motivation to maintain relationships that involve pleasant feelings such as warmth, affection, appreciation, and mutual concern for each person’s well-being

A

• Need to belong

40
Q

Research on loneliness

A

More prone to stress and illness

41
Q

psychological perspective asserting that the human fear of mortality motivates behaviour, particularly those that preserve self-esteem and sense of belonging

A

Terror management theory

42
Q

concepts and beliefs that prevent death-related anxiety

A

Anxiety buffers

43
Q

an increased awareness of death

A

Morality salience

44
Q

drive to perform at high levels and to accomplish significant goals; desire to master a task

A

Achievement motivation

45
Q

desire to understand or overcome challenges

A

Mastery motives

46
Q

gearded toward gaining rewards or public recognition

A

Performance motives

47
Q

enjoyable and pleasant incentives that we are drawn toward (i.e. praise or financial reward)

A

Approach goals

48
Q

unpleasant outcoemes such as shame, embarrassment, or emotional pain, which we try to avoid

A

Avoidance goals

49
Q

psychological experience involving three components:
• Subjective thoughts and experiences
• Accompanying patterns of physical arousal
• Characteristic behavioural expression

A

emotion

50
Q

Autonomic Reponse: Fight or Flight

– generally increases energy and alertness to enable you to handle frightening situations (fight or flight response)

A

• Sympathetic nervous system

51
Q

part of brain

critical to emotional processing

A

Limbic system

52
Q

part of brain

assessing and interpreting situations to determine which emotions are appropriate; connect perception/interpretation of these situations to brain regions that stimulate the physiological responses required for action

A

Amygdala

53
Q

body is readied for action before the stimulus is fully perceived and interpreted

A

fast pathway

54
Q

involves conscious recognition of stimulus and situation

A

slow pathway

55
Q
  • physiological reaction to stimuli (racing heart) precede and give rise to emotional experience (fear)
  • Sense of fear determined by how your body responds
A

The James-Lange and Cannon-Bard Theories of Emotion

56
Q

• Emotions (fear or happiness) occur simultaneously with their physcolocal compoennts

A

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

57
Q

if emotional expression influence subjective emotional experience then the act of forming a faical expression should elicit the specific corresponsing emotion

A

Facial feedback theory

58
Q

• Patterns of physical arousal and cognitive labels we attach to them form the basis of our emotional experiences

A

Scachter’s Two-Factor Theory

59
Q

Emotional Dialects and Display Rules

A

Emotional dialects – variations across cultures in how common emotions are expressed

Display rules – unwritten expectations we have regarding when it is approtaite to show a certain emotion

PSYA02 (4 decks)

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