Chapter 11

Question 1

What is the temperature gradient in fractional distillation

Answer 1

Hot at the bottom colder at the top

Question 2

Steps of fractional distillation

Answer 2

Crude oil heated to above 350 and vaporised and put into column
When the top drops below a hydrocarbons boiling point it condenses
Fractions made with hydrocarbons with similar mp and bp

Question 3

How does the viscosity bp and flammability change going up the column

Answer 3

Bp decreases
High viscosity———> low viscosity
Flammability increases ( short chain hydrocarbons ignite more easily)

Question 4

How many bonds can carbon form

Answer 4

4

Question 5

Define hydrocarbon

Answer 5

Organic compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen only

Question 6

What is a saturated hydrocarbon

Answer 6

Single bonds only

Question 7

What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon

Answer 7

Carbon -carbon multiple bonds

Question 8

Functional group

Answer 8

Part of the organic molecule responsible for its chemical reactions

Question 9

Homologous series

Answer 9

Series of organic compounds with the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2

Question 10

General formula for alkanes

Answer 10

CnH2n+2

Question 11

What is aliphatic

Answer 11

Hydrocarbons with carbon atoms joint in straight or branches chains

Question 12

What is Alicyclic

Answer 12

Hydrocarbon with carbons atoms joined in a ring structure

Question 13

What is aromatic

Answer 13

Some or all carbon atoms found in a benzene ring

Question 14

What are the homologous series of aliphatic hydrocarbons

Answer 14

Alkanes
Alkenes
Alkynes ( triple bond)

Question 15

How do you name branches

Answer 15

Use stem for the number of carbons and add yl
Eg methyl
Ethyl
Propyl

Question 16

How do you name a hydrocarbon with more then one alkyl group on the main chain

Answer 16

Alphabetically

Question 17

General formula for cycloalkanes

Answer 17

CnH2n

Question 18

Alcohol
Functional group
Prefix
Suffix

Answer 18

OH
Hydroxyl
Ol

Question 19

Haloalkane
Functional group
Prefix

Answer 19

F, Cl,Br,I
Fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo

Question 20

Aldehyde
Functional group
Suffix

Answer 20

H /C=O carbon double bonded to oxygen diagonally right up amd single bonded to h diagonally right down
Al

Question 21

Keytone
Functional group
Suffix

Answer 21

C-c=O-c double bond to O in the middle and vertically up
One

Question 22

Carboxylic acid
Functional group
Suffix

Answer 22

COOH double bind for O single bond for OH
Oic acid

Question 23

What is an empirical formula

Answer 23

Simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element

Question 24

Molecular formula

Answer 24

The actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule

Question 25

General formula

Answer 25

Simplest algebraic formula for a member of a homologous series

Question 26

General formula for alkenes

Answer 26

CnH2n

Question 27

General formula for alcohol

Answer 27

CnH2n+1OH

Question 28

Displayed formula

Answer 28

Drawn out

Question 29

Structural formula

Answer 29

Shorthand form of displayed formula Eg Ch3CH2Ch2CH3

Question 30

Skeletal formula

Answer 30

Each end of line is a carbon Use parallel lines for double bonds

Question 31

Define structural isomers

Answer 31

Molecules with the same molecular formula but with different structural formulas

Question 32

Chain isomerism

Answer 32

Carbon chain is different

Question 33

Position isomerism

Answer 33

Functional group in a different position on main hydrocarbon chain

Question 34

Functional group isomerism

Answer 34

Functional group is different

Question 35

How do you represent a branch in a structural formula

Answer 35

Put it in brackets

Question 36

How can a covalent bond be broken

Answer 36

In two ways Homolytic fission Heterolytic fission

Question 37

Homolytic fission

Answer 37

Each bonded atom takes one of the shared pair of electrons Each atom has an unpaired electron- a free radical Two species of the same type are produced X-Y ——> X. +Y.

Question 38

Hetrolytic fission

Answer 38

One of the bonded atoms takes both the shared pair of electrons Two ions produced One negative (anion) and one positive (cation) X-Y——>X+ + Y-

Question 39

Heterolytic fission with curly arrows

Answer 39

The species taking the electrons has an arrow from the middle of the bond to that species

Question 40

Homolytic with curly arrows

Answer 40

2 half headed arrows from the middle of the bond to both elements

Question 41

Addition reaction

Answer 41

100% atom economy Two reactants combined to make one product One molecule added across the double bond

Question 42

Substitution reaction

Answer 42

An atom or group of atoms is replaced with a different atom or group of atoms

Question 43

Elimination reaction

Answer 43

One reactant reacts to form 2 products A molecule is removed from a saturated molecule to make a unsaturated molecule