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Psy 311 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

WHAT IS AFFECTIVE
NEUROSCIENCE?

Affect:

A

= study of how the brain creates emotional responses

Affect; emotion, mood, and stress

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2
Q

What is an emotion?

A

Many emotion researchers agree emotion entails at least:
1. Physiological component
2. Behavioral component
* Facial feedback?
3. Subjective feeling

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3
Q

The Limbic System

A

Complex neural circuits proposed by Maclean that involved in Processing of emotion

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4
Q

Papez circuit

then what Maclean do?

A

identified a neural circuit related with emotional process.

MacLean (1949, 1952)
expands Papez circuit to
the limbic system
* Some errors

  • Consequences?
    * Locationist view of
    emotion
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5
Q

EMOTIONAL NETWORKS

A
  • Recently, more focus on human
    emotion
  • No single emotion circuit
  • Case study: S.M.
  • Focus on neural systems involved in emotional tasks & specific emotional behaviors
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6
Q

Case study: S.M.

A

The person here have damage in the amygdala, she still capable to draw happy, sad, angry, surprise faces, but no AFRAID (so she draw something se saw in a TV about it)

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7
Q

Basic emotions: Nonhuman animals

A

Disagreement
* Jaak Panksepp: seeking, rage,
fear, lust, care, grief, play

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8
Q

Do animal researchers
investigating basic emotions
need to be concerned that
animals can’t report on their
feelings?

A

Not necessarily, because researchers can infer basic emotions in animals through observable behaviors, physiological responses, and neural patterns without relying on self-reports. This allows for the objective study of emotions such as fear or pleasure.

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9
Q

Basic emotion human

A
  • Not a consensus
    on these
  • Facial expressions
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10
Q

Ekman: Complex emotions

A

extended
duration, no distinct
facial expressions
* Examples: love, jealousy

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11
Q

DIMENSIONAL THEORIES OF
EMOTION

  • Most agree emotions can be
    characterized by:
  • Motivational direction:
A
  • Most agree emotions can be
    characterized by:
  • Valence
  • Arousal
  • Motivational direction
  • Approach
  • Avoidance
  • Approach-avoidance conflicts
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12
Q

MAOA AND VIOLENCE

Antisocial behaviors and childhood maltreatment study

A

Monoamine oxidase A: what does this do?
* Deficiency in MAOA  too much serotonin
inside neurons
* Alter early brain development
* MAOA coded on X gene

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13
Q

THE AMYGDALAE

Single entity?
Three main complexes?

A

Is no a single entity

  1. Basolateral nuclear complex: actions
    during threat
  2. Centromedial complex: innate emotional
    behavior & response
  3. Cortical nucleus: olfaction, modulate
    memory formation?
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14
Q

AMYGDALA: FUNCTION?

A
  • Most knowledge in context of fear processing
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15
Q

EMOTION PROCESSING

A

Emotions are functional & involved with # of other cognitive & behavioral processes
* E.g., learning, memory, etc.

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16
Q

BEHAVIORAL MEDICINE

A

Emotions influence people’s
illness and recovery patterns

17
Q

Hans Selye (1979) definition for stress?

A

stress is the non-specific response of the body to any demand made

18
Q

General adaptation syndrome:

A

threats to the body
activate a general response to stress

19
Q

Stress activates two systems in the body

A
  • Sympathetic nervous system
  • HPA axis
20
Q

HPA axis precess?

A
  • HPA axis becomes dominant response to prolonged stressors
  • Activation of hypothalamus induces pituitary gland to secrete
    adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • Stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol
21
Q
  • What does cortisol do?
A
  • Cortisol helps metabolize energy to fight a difficult situation
22
Q

Stages of STRESS AND THE GENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME

A
  • Alarm stage: increased sympathetic nervous system activity
  • Resistance stage: sympathetic response declines; adrenal cortex continues releasing cortisol and other hormones to prolong alertness
  • Exhaustion stage: occurs after prolonged stress; individual no longer has energy to sustain responses
23
Q
  • Sapolsky (1998)
A

nature of today’s crises are
more prolonged
*  widespread stress-related
illness & problems
* Long-term, inescapable issues activate the general adaptation syndrome
* Results in exhaustion

24
Q

STRESS AND THE HPA AXIS

Immune system protects?

A
  • Immune system protects the body against viruses and bacteria by producing leukocytes (white blood cells)
25
Q

B-cells

A

mature in the bone marrow and secrete antibodies

26
Q
  • Antibodies
  • Antigens
A
  • Antibodies: Y-shaped proteins that attach to particular kinds of antigens
  • Antigens: surface proteins that are antibody-generator molecules
27
Q

T cells

A

Attack intruders directly; help other T cells or B cells to multiply

28
Q

Natural killer cells

A
  • Attack tumor cells and cells infected with viruses
29
Q
  • During an infection, leukocytes produce proteins called

And What this protein do?

A

cytokines:
Combat infection and communicate with the brain to inform of illness

30
Q

Cytokines stimulate the release of

And What this do?
* Advantages to this?

A

prostaglandins
* Produce fever, sleepiness, lack of energy
* Advantages to this?
* Sleep and inactivity conserve energy to fight illness

31
Q
  • Deals with the way experiences
    alter the immune system
  • Also examines how the immune system influences the central nervous system
A

Psychoneuroimmunology

32
Q

Stressful experience makes…

A

nervous system activates
immune system

Activate:
* Natural killer cells
* Leukocytes
* Cytokines
=Cytokines combat
infections but also trigger
prostaglandins

33
Q

Prolonged stress response

A
  • Produces symptoms similar to depression
  • Weakens the immune system
  • Can harm the hippocampus
34
Q

Stress makes digestive upset?

Enteric nervous system?

A
  • Yes
  • enteric nervous system, a set of neurons that control digestion
  • Enteric system reacts to stress because of input from
    the brain and from the hormones released by stress
35
Q

Variance in stress response due to bacteria in digestive system?

  • Best practice?
A
  • IBS/visceral pain
  • Chemicals increasing risk of
    anxiety/depression
  • Best practice is do exercises and eat pretty well
36
Q

COPING WITH STRESS

  • People’s responses to stress vary
  • What determines resilience?
A
  • Resilience is not easy to investigate
  • Genes
  • Social support
  • Physical health
  • Previous stressful experiences
37
Q

Emotion-focused
coping:

A

trying to prevent an emotional response to a stressor

38
Q

Problem-focused
coping:

A

tackle the stressor head-on by coming up with a solution

39
Q

Effective coping(afrontamiento)?

A
  • Breathing routines, exercise, meditation, positive reappraisal, addressing issues
  • Social support
    * Reduces stress in several
    brain areas including the
    prefrontal cortex

Psy 311 (3 decks)

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