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PSYCH 105 MIDTERM > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

developmental psychology

A

studying a lifespan and the change and continuity across the lifespan

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2
Q

germinal stage

A

2 week period that begins at conception, brief lifetime of zygote

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3
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg that contains chromosomes from both sper and egg

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4
Q

embryonic stage

A

period that lasts from week 2-8, looks like a nut or bean

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5
Q

fetal stage

A

period that lasts from week 9 to borth
characterized by rapid brain growth, body development and myelination

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6
Q

myelination

A

formatiob of a fatty sheath around axons begins

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7
Q

when can fertilization happen

A

1-5 days after conception

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8
Q

why arent humans fully neurally developed at birth

A

wouldnt be able to come out
humans need to adapt to a wide range of environments throughout their life and the brain must develop to meet these challenges

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9
Q

placenta

A

organ that links mother to baby, permitting material exchange
food and substances taken by the mother affects development

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10
Q

teratogens-definition

A

agents such as drugs or viruses that pass from mother and impair the development process

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11
Q

teratogens-examples

A

alcohol
tobacco
caffeine
stress

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12
Q

intrauterine growth restriction

A

limits baby from growing properly

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13
Q

how long does infancy last

A

birth to 18-24 months

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14
Q

when does stranger anxiety develop

A

after you learn how to move, development of survival instinct

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15
Q

what do newborns respond to the most

A

faces and facial features, can mimick facial features within first hour of life, can care about and respond to them

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16
Q

can babies learn the difference between possible and impossible events

A

yes

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17
Q

what is motor development

A

emergence of the ability to execute physical action such as reaching, grasping, crawling, walking

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18
Q

motor reflexes

A

specific patterns of motor response that are triggered by specific patterns of sensory stimulation (rooting and sucking)

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19
Q

cephalocaudal rule

A

develop top to bottom

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20
Q

proximodistal rule

A

develop inside to outside

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21
Q

approx. how many steps and falls does a 12-19 month old take in an hour

A

2 368 steps and 17 falls

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22
Q

scale errors

A

infants arent aware of how most physics work
ex: trying to fit into small things

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23
Q

cognitive development

A

emergence of the ability to think and understand

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24
Q

who suggested the 4 stages of cognitive development

A

jean piaget

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25
what are the 4 stages of cognitive development
sensorimotor (birth to 2 yrs) preoperational (2-6) concrete operational (6-11) formal operational (11+)
26
sensorimotor stage: schemas
theories about/models of the way the world works
27
sensorimotor stage: assimilation
process by which infants apply their schemas in novel situations
28
sensorimotor stage: accomodation
process by which infants revise their schemas in light of new info
29
sensorimotor stage: object permanence
idea that objects continue to exist even when they arent visible
30
how to babies explore the world
with their hands and mouths
31
preoperational stage
children have a preliminary understanding of the world
32
concrete operational stage
children learn how various actions or operations can affect or transform concrete objects
33
concrete operational stage: conservation
notion that the quantitative properties of an object dont vary despite changes in the objects appearance
34
formal operational stage
children can solve non physical problems/abstract thinking
35
ego centrism
failure to understand that the world appears different to other people
36
when is egocentrism most observed
preoperational stage
37
false belief task
young children fail to realize that others dont see/know what they know
38
what do some reasearchers suggest in relations to childrens tasks
they dont demonstrate their true abilities
39
theory of mind
understanding that the mind produces representations of the world and that these guide behavior
40
what is important for the development of the theory of mind
language
40
What groups of children struggle with theory of mind
children with autism and and deaf children whose parents dont use asl
41
when can you tell children have reached the theory of mind stage
when they start lying and tattling
42
what did lev vygotsky believe
children develop through interactions with people in their own cultures
43
zone of proximal development
teaching a person at their level/within their zone of learning
44
what fundemental skills do infants need to be able to learn from others
joint attention social referencing imitation
45
joint attention
ability to focus on what another person is focused on
46
social referencing
ability to use another persons reactions as information about how to think about hte world
47
imitation
ability to do what someone else does
48
what did konrad lorenz discover
the concept of imprinting in newly hatched goslings
49
attachment
emotional bond that forms between newborns and primary caregivers
50
primary caregiver
emotional centre of infants world who provides emotional bond known as attachment
51
what does deprivation of the opportunity to form attachment do
present serious risk for a wide range of physical/mental/emotional impairments
52
attachment styles
characteristic patterns of reacting to the presence and absence of ones primary caregiver
53
what are the types of attachment styles
secure, avoidant, ambivalent, disorganized
54
secure attachment
infant not distressed when caregiver leves, acknowledges return
55
avoidant attachment
infant distressed when caregiver leaves, doesnt acknowledge return
56
ambivalent attachment
infant distressed when caregiver leaves, difficult to calm when returns
57
disorganized attachment
no consistent response
58
temperament
biologically based pattern of attentional and emotional reactivity, variable and stable is biological
59
Harlows Monkeys
- In a series of classic studies, psychologist Harry Harlow (1958) raised baby rhesus monkeys in isolation and then put them in a cage with two “artificial mothers.” The baby monkeys spent most of their time clinging to the cloth mother, leading Harlow to conclude that even monkeys /are “born to bond.”
60
internal working model
learning how relationships work and can trust people, can lead to developing a secure attachment
61
what conclusions did piaget draw in regards to childrens moral thinking and behaviour
childresn moral thinking shifts from realism to relativism, prescriptions to principles and from outcomes to intentions
62
adolescence
period of development that begins with the onset of puberty, lasts until the beginning of adulthood
63
puberty
bodily changes associated with sexual maturity , changes in the brain, secodn wave of prefrontal cortex proliteration
64
adulthood
stage of development that begins around 18-21 and ends at death
65
when do abilities and health peak
early 20s deteriorate around 26-30
66
how does timing of puberty affect girls
effects emotions and behaviour
67
how does timing of puberty effect boys
predictor of negative outcomes in boys
68
what is a difference between older and younger brains
older brains use different strategies, showing bilateral activation while young brains show unilateral activation
69
what plays a major role in sexual orientation
biology and genetics
70
what are the different types of parenting styles
permissive, neglect, authoritative, authoritarian
71
high structure parenting
lots of rules and boundaries, helps to function in society
72
low structure parenting
lack of rules and boundaries, lenient
73
warm parenting
high affection, helps to form better relationships, more social support and you will have better mental and physical health
74
cold parenting
little to no affection
75
high in warmth and structure
authoritative, has best outcomes
76
low warmth with structure
authoritarian
77
high warmth, low structure
permissive
78
low warmth, low structure
neglect

PSYCH 105 MIDTERM (5 decks)

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