Chapter 11

Question 1

The term emergent design refers to a design that emerges at which point in a qualitative study?
A) During the conduct of a literature review
B) While the researcher develops a conceptual framework
C) Before the study has begun
D) While the researcher is in the field collecting data

Answer 1

D) While the researcher is in the field collecting data

Question 2

Which statement is true?
A) Qualitative design is capable of adjusting to what is being learned during data collection.
B) The quality of qualitative studies depends on the appropriateness of the statistical analysis.
C) Qualitative research does not require approval by an Institutional Review Board or ethical review committee.
D) Qualitative research requires careful control of confounding variables.

Answer 2

A) Qualitative design is capable of adjusting to what is being learned during data collection.

Question 3

Which is not a characteristic of qualitative research design?
A) It often involves triangulation of data sources.
B) It tends to be holistic.
C) It is flexible and can be revised during the course of data collection.
D) It involves minimum oversight once the study is underway.

Answer 3

D) It involves minimum oversight once the study is underway.

Question 4

Which is not an issue that qualitative researchers attend to in planning a study?
A) Selecting a study site
B) Identifying equipment that will be needed for field work
C) Selecting scales to measure key concepts
D) Choosing a research tradition to guide the study

Answer 4

C) Selecting scales to measure key concepts

Question 5

Which design question is relevant in both quantitative and qualitative studies?
A) How will confounding variables be controlled?
B) How often will data be collected?
C) Will the independent variable be manipulated?
D) Who will be blinded?

Answer 5

B) How often will data be collected?

Question 6

Which statement about qualitative design is true?
A) Qualitative design benefits from having researchers who are intensely involved and reflexive.
B) Qualitative researchers strive to achieve constancy of conditions in terms of research settings.
C) The goal of many qualitative designs is to permit causal inferences.
D) Most qualitative designs involve an explicit, preplanned comparison.

Answer 6

A) Qualitative design benefits from having researchers who are intensely involved and reflexive.

Question 7

Which qualitative tradition would most likely be the foundation for the following question? “What are the conceptions of care among caregivers of persons living with HIV/AIDS in rural Ethiopia?”
A) Grounded theory
B) Ethnography
C) Phenomenology
D) Qualitative description

Answer 7

B) Ethnography

Question 8

Ethnographers strive to:
A) understand human cultures.
B) develop an etic perspective.
C) link the etic and emic perspectives into a unified whole.
D) understand the essence of a phenomenon.

Answer 8

A) understand human cultures.

Question 9

An ethnographic study of the culture of a family planning clinic by someone from outside that culture is an example of:
A) an autoethnography.
B) a critical ethnography.
C) a focused ethnography.
D) a macroethnography.

Answer 9

C) a focused ethnography.

Question 10

What do ethnographers strive to acquire?
A) An emic perspective of a culture
B) An etic perspective of a culture
C) A focused perspective
D) An ethnonursing perspective

Answer 10

A) An emic perspective of a culture

Question 11

Which technique do ethnographers use in studying a culture?
A) Constant comparison
B) Participant observation
C) Hermeneutics
D) Bracketing

Answer 11

B) Participant observation

Question 12

A nurse researcher is studying the culture of the emergency department where she works. What type of study is being undertaken?
A) An ethnonursing study
B) A critical ethnography
C) A macroethnography
D) An autoethnography

Answer 12

D) An autoethnography

Question 13

Within which qualitative tradition would the following question be addressed? “What is the essence of men’s experiences of chemotherapy treatment for prostate cancer?”
A) Grounded theory
B) Ethnography
C) Phenomenology
D) Qualitative description

Answer 13

C) Phenomenology

Question 14

In phenomenological studies, researchers strive to ensure that their own preconceived beliefs and opinions do not influence the emerging data, using which strategy?
A) Constant comparison
B) Participant observation
C) Hermeneutics
D) Bracketing

Answer 14

D) Bracketing

Question 15

Which method facilitates bracketing?
A) Maintaining a reflexive journal
B) Intuiting to remain open to meaning
C) Maintaining a phenomenological text
D) Exploring being-in-the-world

Answer 15

A) Maintaining a reflexive journal

Question 16

Which is not one of the four steps in descriptive phenomenology?
A) Bracketing
B) Inferring
C) Analyzing
D) Describing

Answer 16

B) Inferring

Question 17

Hermeneutics is closely allied with which research tradition?
A) Narrative analysis
B) Symbolic interaction
C) Grounded theory
D) Phenomenology

Answer 17

D) Phenomenology

Question 18

A study that focused on the meaning of sacrifice among wounded military personnel during war time would likely be rooted in:
A) descriptive phenomenology.
B) grounded theory.
C) interpretive phenomenology.
D) ethnography.

Answer 18

C) interpretive phenomenology.

Question 19

Which qualitative tradition sometimes involves augmenting research data with “data” from such alternative sources as novels or poetry?
A) Interpretive phenomenology
B) Grounded theory
C) Descriptive phenomenology
D) Narrative analysis

Answer 19

A) Interpretive phenomenology

Question 20

Which term is used to describe the interpretive process wherein the parts of a text and the whole of a text must be understood in relation to one another?
A) Bracketing
B) Intuiting
C) Hermeneutic circle
D) Reflection

Answer 20

C) Hermeneutic circle

Question 21

Which name does not belong with the others?
A) Heidegger
B) Husserl
C) Gadamer
D) Glaser

Answer 21

D) Glaser

Question 22

Grounded theory seeks to discover a main concern or problem, and the behaviour that is designed to resolve it. The central phenomenon in grounded theory studies is known as:
A) the case study.
B) the constant comparison.
C) the core variable.
D) the hermeneutic circle.

Answer 22

C) the core variable.

Question 23

Which procedure do grounded theory researchers use to develop and refine theoretically relevant categories?
A) Bracketing
B) Intuiting
C) Constant comparison
D) Participant observation

Answer 23

C) Constant comparison

Question 24

Which is a type of core variable in grounded theory?
A) A basic social process
B) Symbolic interaction
C) Constant comparison
D) Reflexivity

Answer 24

A) A basic social process

Question 25

Which qualitative tradition focuses on the manner in which people make sense of and resolve problems that arise within social contexts?
A) Phenomenology
B) Grounded theory
C) Ethnography
D) Narrative analysis

Answer 25

B) Grounded theory

Question 26

Which qualitative tradition would be the foundation for the following question? “What social processes do women use to maintain balance through their menopausal transition?”
A) Grounded theory
B) Ethnography
C) Phenomenology
D) Qualitative description

Answer 26

A) Grounded theory

Question 27

Whose approach to grounded theory emphasizes the importance of subjectivity and the researcher’s shared role with participants in interpreting the data?
A) Charmaz’s constructivist grounded theory
B) Strauss and Corbin’s grounded theory
C) Glaser’s grounded theory
D) All approaches are similar in their emphasis on subjectivity and shared interpretive roles.

Answer 27

A) Charmaz’s constructivist grounded theory

Question 28

Which is least likely to be a source of data in historical nursing research?
A) Photographs
B) Participant observation field notes
C) Diaries
D) Newspaper articles

Answer 28

B) Participant observation field notes

Question 29

Which is most likely to be at “center stage” in a case study?
A) A phenomenon, such as attempted suicide
B) A culture within an organization, such as a mental health clinic
C) A person, such as a person who repeatedly self-harms
D) A story, such as the life stories of chronic health problems of refugees

Answer 29

C) A person, such as a person who repeatedly self-harms

Question 30

Which statement about case studies is true?
A) A case study is essentially an anecdotal description.
B) A strength of case studies is the generalizability of the findings.
C) The entity under study in a case study is always an individual.
D) A case study design can be cross-sectional or longitudinal.

Answer 30

D) A case study design can be cross-sectional or longitudinal.

Question 31

A researcher collected stories about how 16 suicide survivors felt when they learned their suicide attempts had failed. What type of qualitative study is this likely to be?
A) Historical research
B) Qualitative description
C) A case study
D) A narrative analysis

Answer 31

D) A narrative analysis

Question 32

Critical research differs from traditional qualitative research with respect to its:
A) goal to be transformative.
B) use of interviews as a data source.
C) use of reflexivity.
D) desire to gain an in-depth understanding of phenomena.

Answer 32

A) goal to be transformative.

Question 33

What is the central concern of a critical researcher?
A) A critique of the research methods of a completed study
B) A critique of society and social practices
C) A critique of existing theories
D) A critique of self

Answer 33

B) A critique of society and social practices

Question 34

Which is not a type of research with an ideological perspective?
A) Critical ethnography
B) Constructivist grounded theory
C) Participatory action research
D) Feminist research

Answer 34

B) Constructivist grounded theory

Question 35

Which statement about ideologically based research is true?
A) Critical researchers and feminist researchers interact with participants in collaborative ways that emphasize participants’ expertise.
B) Critical theory has played an especially important role in phenomenology (critical phenomenology).
C) Critical research has often been criticized for being exploitative.
D) Participatory action research is typically undertaken in the organization with which the researcher is affiliated.

Answer 35

A) Critical researchers and feminist researchers interact with participants in collaborative ways that emphasize participants’ expertise.