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Chemistry (shubh) > Chapter 11-15 > Flashcards

Chapter 11-15 Flashcards

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1
Q

Saturated hydrocarbon?

Unsaturated hydrocarbon?

A

Single carbon bonds only

Contains at least 1 carbon-carbon double or triple bond

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2
Q

Homologous series

A

Family of compounds with same functional group whose successive members differ by CH2

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3
Q

Functional group?

A

Part of organic molecule responsible for molecule’s chemical properties

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4
Q

Aliphatic meaning?

A

C atoms joined to each other in unbranched or branched chains or non aromatic rings

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5
Q

Alicyclic meaning

A

C atoms joined to each other in ring structure, with or without branches

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6
Q

Aromatic?

A

Some or all of carbon atoms found in benzene ring

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7
Q

Aldehyde functional group and name

A

C with double bond O, H and R group

-al

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8
Q

Ketone functional group and name

A

C double bond O and two R groups

-one

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9
Q

Uses of alcohol

A

Drinks
Fuel
Solvent

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10
Q

Ester uses

A

Flavour molecules
Solvent
Fragrance

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11
Q

Order for carbon alkyl group stem name
Eg meth-
First 10

A 
Meth
Eth
Prop
But
Pent
Hex
Hept
Oct
Non
Dec
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12
Q

Structural Isomer definition

A

Molecules with same molecular formula but different structural formula

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13
Q

3 types of structural isomer and explain

A

Chain: different arrangement of C skeleton, same functional grp

Positional: functional group attached to different C atom

Functional: contain different functional grp like aldehyde and ketones

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14
Q

What is a stereoisomer/ What type of isomer s
Does it have?
Definition?

A

Has E/Z isomerism

Same structural formula but different arrangement in space

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15
Q

What is a sigma bond, everything u know about it

A

Overlap of 2 atomic orbitals (s) directly in between nuclei of bonding atoms. It is a single bond.
Known as head on overlap
High bond enthalpy/requires lots of energy

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16
Q

What is a pi bond, everything you know

A

2 p orbitals overlap above and below internuclear axis known as sideways overlap
It requires low energy to break than sigma bond, low bond enthalpy
Not possible to rotate a pi bond about its axis, restricted rotation about the double bond
It is a region of high electron density

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17
Q

How can an alkene form stereoisomerism

A

If both C atoms on either side of double bond are attached to 2 different groups

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18
Q

What is cis trans

What is E/Z

A

Cis/trans if each of C in double bond has at-least 1 attached grp the same
E: enemy so opposite
Z: zame side or same

Cis is same side
Trans is opposite side

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19
Q

Priority rules for steroisomers

A

Assign priority to atom attached to C with double bond with highest atomic number
Or first difference in chain

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20
Q

Combustion of alkane products

A

Water and CO2 or CO

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21
Q

Shape and angle of alkane

Reason

A

4 bonding region so tetrahedral structure

109.5

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22
Q

Brief explain fractional distillation

A

Short chain low bp so top column as very volatile

Separation of different length hydrocarbons

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23
Q

Effect of chain length of hydrocarbon and bp

A

London forces between molecules in close surface contact. As chain length increases, molecules with larger surface area, more surface contact possible between molecules
Greater London forces so more energy required to overcome these forces and higher bp
Number of electrons increase so induced dipole dipole interactions increase

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24
Q

Radical substitution condition

A

UV light

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25
Q

Radical substitution stages

A

Initiation: UV radiation so homolytic fission of halogen forming 2 radicals

Propagation: radicals react with non radicals, chain reaction

Termination: radicals react with each other forming non radicals

26
Q

Overall equation of radical substitution of methane and chlorine

A

CH4 +Cl2 —> CH3Cl +HCl

27
Q

Radical substitution problems and why it is not used

A

Further substitution of compounds and formation of many positional isomers
Cant produce one specific product and unpredictable

28
Q

Homolytic fission?

Heterolytic fission?

A

Each bonding atom receives 1 electron from the bonded pair of electrons

1 bonding atom received both electrons from bonded pair forming ions

29
Q

Which molecule goes through electrophilic addition

A

Alkenes

30
Q

Conditions and reagents of hydrogenation

A

Nickel catalyst
H2 gas
Alkene gas
Forms alkane

31
Q

Test for alkenes

A

Halogenation at RTP
Bromine water: orange to colourless
As dibromoalkane formed

32
Q

Addition of hydrogen halides method

A

HCl etc are gas at room temp so bubbled through liquid alkene or mix gases is alkene is gas
Also in solution in water as they are acids

33
Q

Hydration reagents and condition

A

Steam and gaseous alkene heated in presence of conc phosphoric acid forming alcohol

34
Q

Mechanism?

A

Sequence of steps showing the paths taken by electrons in a reaction

35
Q

Electrophile?

Nucleophile?

A

An atom that is attracted to an electron rich centre where it accepts a pair of electrons

Species that donates electron pairs

36
Q

What do curly arrows show

A

Movement of electron pairs which come from bonds, charges or lone pairs

37
Q

Why are there major and minor products of electrophilic addition in unsymmetrical alkenes

General rule of major product

A

More alkyl groups in either side of carbocation is more stable for molecule

Major product is the one where you add H to carbon with most H attached to it already

38
Q

What is a polymer?

Repeat unit?

A

Large molecules formed from lots of repeating u its of monomers

Small section of polymer that repeats continuously through structure

39
Q

Formation of polymers from alkenes

Name of polymer

A

Pi bond breaks and link to other molecules

It is called polyalkene/monomer

40
Q

Why are polymers not good for environment

A

Non biodegradable

41
Q

How can polymers be disposed of instead of landfill

A

Recycled after sorting different types of polymers and can be then remelted/recycled

As fuel/incineration to generate energy

Feedstock recycling: used as raw material

42
Q

Problems of PVC recycling/burnt

A

HCl gas produced which is toxic

43
Q

Sustainable ways to replace polymers that are better for environment

A

Bioplastic/biodegradable polymers which can be broken down by microorganisms

Photodegradable polymer that contain bonds that weaken by absorbing light and start degradation process

44
Q

Why do alcohols have lower volatility than corresponding alkane

A

Alcohols have hydrogen bonding that require more energy to overcome

45
Q

Why are alcohols soluble in water

What happens as you increase chain length and why

A

Can form hydrogen bonding between polar hydroxyl group and water
Influence of OH group decreases so solubility decreases

46
Q

What is a primary secondary and tertiary alcohol

A

It is about number of alkyl/R groups attached to carbon with hydroxyl group
Primary: 1 R group
Secondary: 2
Tertiary: 3

47
Q

Oxidation of alcohol reagents and conditions

A

Primary alcohols: acidified dichromate (potassium dichromate and conc sulfuric acid). On gentle heating, oxidised to produce aldehyde, distill setup
On further heating and under reflux, further oxidised and excess acidified dichromate so 2[O] form carboxylic acid

Secondary alcohol: produced ketone under reflux

Tertiary: no reaction

48
Q

How can you tell if an alcohol has been oxidised

A

Acidified dichromate changes colour from orange to green as it is reduced

49
Q

What is reflux

A

Continual boiling and condensation of a solvent

50
Q

Reagents and conditions of dehydration of alcohol

A

Heated under reflux in presence of acid catalyst
Product is alkene (can form isomers and stereoisomers) and water
Remove OH and H of neighbouring carbon atom

51
Q

Halide substitution reagent and conditions

A

Alcohol heated under reflux with
H2SO4 and sodium halide so hydrogen halide formed in situ
The halide ion will react with alcohols and substitutes OH to form haloalkane and water

52
Q

Overall equation of halide substitution of alcohols

A

Alcohol + NaBr + H2SO4 —> haloalkane + NaHSO4 + H2O

53
Q

Explain nucleophilic substitution of haloalkane

Conditions

A

Electron deficient carbon atom as halogen is more electronegative so carbon is electropositive
The carbon attracts nucleophiles like H2O, OH- and NH3
Nucleophile replaces halogen in haloalkane. This is hydrolysis

Heat under reflux

54
Q

What does rate of hydrolysis depend upon in haloalkanes

A

Bond enthalpy which decreases down halogens so carbon halogen bond easier to break and faster rate of reaction

55
Q

How could you measure rate of hydrolysis of haloalkane into alcohol

A

Haloalkane heat with aqueous AgNO3, ethanol added as common solvent as haloalkane is insoluble in water
Water is nucleophile
Halide ions formed and then with Ag+ form coloured precipitates depending on halogen
Measure rate of formation of precipitates

56
Q

Hydrolysis of haloalkane is faster in which?

Aqueous alkali or water

A

Alkali

57
Q

Organohalogen compound uses

A

Refrigerants

Solvents

58
Q

How is ozone formed

A

O2 with UV light forms 2 O

O2+ O reversible arrow to O3 which is ozone

59
Q

How can you replace CFCs that is better for ozone protection

What does CFC stand for

A

HFC- hydrofluorocarbons

Chlorofluorocarbon

60
Q

Overall reaction of ozone depletion by radicals

A

O3+ O —> 2O2

Chemistry (shubh) (9 decks)

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