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Histology > chapter 11 > Flashcards

chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What protein is found in thin filaments?

A

actin

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2
Q

What protein is found in thick filaments?

A

myosin II

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3
Q

What is the cytoplasm of muscles cells called?

A

sarcoplasm

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4
Q

this type of muscle is attached to bone and is responsible for movement of the axial and appendicular skeleton and for maintenance of body posture and position

A

skeletal muscle

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5
Q

muscle that is restricted to the soft tissues like the tongue, pharynx, lumbar part of the diaphragm, and upper part of the esophagus

A

visceral striated muscle

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6
Q

type of striated muscle found in the wall of the heart and in the base of the large veins that empty into the heart

A

cardiac muscle

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7
Q

A muscle cell is a multinucleated ____________________________

A

syncytium

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8
Q

A muscle fiber is formed during development by the fusion of small, individual muscle cells called ______________________________

A

myoblasts

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9
Q

consists of the plasma membrane of the muscle cell, its external lamina, and the surrounding reticular lamina

A

sarcolemma

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10
Q

the delicate layer of reticular fibers that immediately surrounds individual muscle fibers

A

endomysium

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11
Q

a thicker connective tissue layer that surrounds a group of fibers to form a fascicle

A

perimysium

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12
Q

functional units of muscle fibers that tend to work together to perform a specific function

A

fascicle

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13
Q

the sheath of dense connective tissue that surrounds a collection of fascicles that constitutes the muscle

A

epimysium

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14
Q

functions primarily to store oxygen in muscle fibers and provides a ready source of oxygen for muscle metabolism

A

myoglobin

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15
Q

-contain many mitochondria and large amounts of myoglobin
-these fibers have great resistance to fatigue but generate less tension than other fibers
-their myosin ATPase reaction velocity is the slowest of all of the fiber types
-typically found in the limb muscles of mammals and in the breast muscle of migrating birds

A

Type I or slow oxidative fibers

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16
Q

-medium size with many mitochondria and high myoglobin content
-contain large amounts of glycogen and are capable of anaerobic glycolysis
-generate high peak muscle tension

A

Type IIa or fast oxidative glycolytic fibers

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17
Q

-contain less myoglobin and fewer mitochondria
-have a low level of oxidative enzymes but exhibit high anaerobic enzyme activity and store a considerable amount of glycogen
-high peak muscle tension
-myosin ATPase velocity is the fastest of all the fiber types
-fatigue rapidly as a result of production of lactic acid

A

Type IIb or fast glycolytic fibers

18
Q

the structural and functional subunit of the muscle fiber

A

myofibril

19
Q

forms a highly organized tubular network around the contractile elements in all striated muscle cells

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

20
Q

The basic contractile unit of striated muscle
-the portion of a myofibril between 2 adjacent Z lines

A

Sarcomere

21
Q

Which portion of the sarcomere are thick filaments restricted to?

A

central portion or A band

22
Q

What portion of the sarcomere are thin filaments found?

A

attached to the Z line and extend into the A band to the edge of the H band

23
Q

The Z line and its matrix material anchor the thin filaments from adjacent sarcomeres to the angles of the zigzag by _______________________________, and actin-binding protein.

A

a-actinin

24
Q

-small molecule that polymerizes to form a double-stranded helix, the F-actin filament
-polar, oriented in the same direction
-has a binding site for myosin

A

G-actin

25
Q

-64 kDa protein that consists of a double helix of two polypeptides
-forms filaments that run in the groove between the F-actin molecules in the thin filament

A

tropomyosin

26
Q

-the smallest subunit of the troponin complex
-binds calcium which is an essential step in the initiation of contraction

A

Troponin-C (TnC)

27
Q

binds to tropomyosin, anchoring the troponin complex

A

Troponin-T (TnT)

28
Q

binds to actin, thus inhibiting actin-myosin interaction

A

Troponin-I (TnI)

29
Q

-small actin-binding protein that is attached to the free end of the thin filament
-maintains and regulates the length of the actin filament in the sarcomere

A

Tropomodulin

30
Q

-an elongated, inelastic protein attached to the Z lines that spans most of the length of the thin filament except for its minus pointed end
-acts as a “molecular ruler” for the length of the thin filament because the molecular weight of different isoforms correlates to the length of thin filaments during muscle development
-adds stability to the thin filaments anchored by the a-actinin in Z lines

A

Nebulin

31
Q

Myosin II is composed of _________heavy polypeptide chains and _______light chains

A

2 heavy 4 light

32
Q

Each globular myosin head represents a heavy chain ___________________________that projects at an approximate right angle at one end of the myosin molecule.

A

motor domain

33
Q

zone in the middle of thick myosin filaments that does not have globular projections

A

bare zone

34
Q

-large protein that spans half of the sarcomere
-2 spring-like portions of this protein help center the thick filament in the middle between two Z lines
-springs prevent excessive stretching of the sarcomere by developing a passive restoring force that helps with its shortening

A

Titin

35
Q

-short, bipolar, rod-shaped, actin-binding protein that bundles thin filaments into parallel arrays and anchors them at the Z-line

A

a-actinin

36
Q

intermediate filament that forms a lattice that surrounds the sarcomere at the level of the Z lines, attaching them to one another and to the plasma membrane via linkage protein ankyrin

A

Desmin

37
Q

What are the names of the M line proteins that hold thick filaments in register at the M line and attach titin molecules to the thick filament?

A

-myomesin
-M-protein
-obscurin
-muscle creatine phosphatase

38
Q

-protein that contributes to normal assembly and to stabilization of thick filaments
-forms several distinct transverse stripes on both sides of the M line that interact with titin molecules

A

Myosin-binding protein C

39
Q

protein that is thought to link laminin, which resides in the external lamina of the muscle cells, to actin filaments

A

Dystrophin

40
Q

When a muscle contracts, each sarcomere ______________________, but the myofilaments ___________________________.

A

shorten
remain the same length

Histology (7 decks)

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