Chapter 11 Flashcards
What are the names of the first 10 members of the alkanes homologous series?
Methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane, decane
What are the names of the first 10 alkyl groups?
Methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl,
What is the general formula of a compound?
The simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series.
What is the general formula for an alkane?
CnH2n+2
What is the general formula for an alkene?
CnH2n
What is the structural formula of a compound?
The minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule.
e.g. for butane: CH3CH2 CH2CH3
What is the displayed formula of a compound?
The relative positioning of atoms and the bonds between them
What is the skeletal formula of a compound?
The simplified organic formula, shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups
What is a saturated hydrocarbon?
A saturated hydrocarbon has single bonds only
What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon?
An unsaturated hydrocarbon contains carbon-to-carbon multiple bonds
What is a homologous series?
A family of compounds with similar chemical properties whose successive members differ by the addition of a -CH2 group
What is a hydrocarbon?
A hydrocarbon is a compound containing carbon and hydrogen only
What can hydrocarbons be classified as?
Aliphatic
Alicyclic
Aromatic
What is an aliphatic hydrocarbon?
When the carbon atoms are joined to each other in unbranched or branched chains
What is an alicyclic hydrocarbon?
When the carbon atoms are joined to each other in ring structures, with or without branches
What is an aromatic hydrocarbon?
When some or all of the carbon atoms are found in a benzene ring
How to name an aliphatic alkane?
- All alkanes have the suffix -ane
- Identify the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms and name it
- Identify any side chains attached to the longest chain. These side chains are known as alkyl groups. The name of the alkyl group is added as a prefix to the name of the longest chain
- Add numbers before any alkyl groups to show the position of the alkyl groups on the longest chain.
How to name an alicyclic alkane?
Same as aliphatic but the prefix cyclo- is added in front of the stem to show that the carbon atoms are arranged in a ring structure
How to name an alkene?
Same rules as alkanes except the suffix is -ene. The position of the double bond must also be stated before the -ene.
Naming compounds containing functional groups:
Identify the functional group and use the table to figure out where to place any prefixes or suffixes
What is a functional group?
A group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound
What is the formula for an alkyl group?
CnH2n+1
What is a structural isomer?
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae
What are the two types of covalent bond fission?
Homolytic and heterolytic
What is homolytic fission?
When each bonding atom receives one electron from the bonded pair, forming two radicals
What is heterolytic fission?
When one bonding atom receives both electrons from the bonded pair
What is a radical?
A species with an unpaired electron
How do you represent a radical?
With a dot in front of the species
What does a ‘curly arrow’ represent?
The movement of an electron pair, showing either heterolytic fission or the formation of a covalent bond
What does a ‘half curly arrow’ represent?
The movement of a single electron, showing homolytic fission
What are the different types of reaction?
Addition, substitution and elimination
What is an addition reaction?
When two reactants join together to form one product
What is a substitution reaction?
When an atom or group of atoms is replaced by a different atom or group of atoms
What is an elimination reaction?
An elimination reaction involves the removal of a small molecule from a larger one. In an elimination reaction, one reactant molecule forms two products
