Chapter 11

Question 1

What are the names of the first 10 members of the alkanes homologous series?

Answer 1

Methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane, decane

Question 2

What are the names of the first 10 alkyl groups?

Answer 2

Methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl,

Question 3

What is the general formula of a compound?

Answer 3

The simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series.

Question 4

What is the general formula for an alkane?

Answer 4

C_nH_2n+2

Question 5

What is the general formula for an alkene?

Answer 5

C_nH_2n

Question 6

What is the structural formula of a compound?

Answer 6

The minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule.
e.g. for butane: CH₃CH₂ CH₂CH₃

Question 7

What is the displayed formula of a compound?

Answer 7

The relative positioning of atoms and the bonds between them

Question 8

What is the skeletal formula of a compound?

Answer 8

The simplified organic formula, shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups

Question 9

What is a saturated hydrocarbon?

Answer 9

A saturated hydrocarbon has single bonds only

Question 10

What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon?

Answer 10

An unsaturated hydrocarbon contains carbon-to-carbon multiple bonds

Question 11

What is a homologous series?

Answer 11

A family of compounds with similar chemical properties whose successive members differ by the addition of a -CH₂ group

Question 12

What is a hydrocarbon?

Answer 12

A hydrocarbon is a compound containing carbon and hydrogen only

Question 13

What can hydrocarbons be classified as?

Answer 13

Aliphatic
Alicyclic
Aromatic

Question 14

What is an aliphatic hydrocarbon?

Answer 14

When the carbon atoms are joined to each other in unbranched or branched chains

Question 15

What is an alicyclic hydrocarbon?

Answer 15

When the carbon atoms are joined to each other in ring structures, with or without branches

Question 16

What is an aromatic hydrocarbon?

Answer 16

When some or all of the carbon atoms are found in a benzene ring

Question 17

How to name an aliphatic alkane?

Answer 17

1. All alkanes have the suffix -ane
2. Identify the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms and name it
3. Identify any side chains attached to the longest chain. These side chains are known as alkyl groups. The name of the alkyl group is added as a prefix to the name of the longest chain
4. Add numbers before any alkyl groups to show the position of the alkyl groups on the longest chain.

Question 18

How to name an alicyclic alkane?

Answer 18

Same as aliphatic but the prefix cyclo- is added in front of the stem to show that the carbon atoms are arranged in a ring structure

Question 19

How to name an alkene?

Answer 19

Same rules as alkanes except the suffix is -ene. The position of the double bond must also be stated before the -ene.

Question 20

Naming compounds containing functional groups:

Answer 20

Identify the functional group and use the table to figure out where to place any prefixes or suffixes

Question 21

What is a functional group?

Answer 21

A group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound

Question 22

What is the formula for an alkyl group?

Answer 22

C_nH_2n+1

Question 23

What is a structural isomer?

Answer 23

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae

Question 24

What are the two types of covalent bond fission?

Answer 24

Homolytic and heterolytic

Question 25

What is homolytic fission?

Answer 25

When each bonding atom receives one electron from the bonded pair, forming two radicals

Question 26

What is heterolytic fission?

Answer 26

When one bonding atom receives both electrons from the bonded pair

Question 27

What is a radical?

Answer 27

A species with an unpaired electron

Question 28

How do you represent a radical?

Answer 28

With a dot in front of the species

Question 29

What does a 'curly arrow' represent?

Answer 29

The movement of an electron pair, showing either heterolytic fission or the formation of a covalent bond

Question 30

What does a 'half curly arrow' represent?

Answer 30

The movement of a single electron, showing homolytic fission

Question 31

What are the different types of reaction?

Answer 31

Addition, substitution and elimination

Question 32

What is an addition reaction?

Answer 32

When two reactants join together to form one product

Question 33

What is a substitution reaction?

Answer 33

When an atom or group of atoms is replaced by a different atom or group of atoms

Question 34

What is an elimination reaction?

Answer 34

An elimination reaction involves the removal of a small molecule from a larger one. In an elimination reaction, one reactant molecule forms two products