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Physics > Chapter 11,12 - Waves > Flashcards

Chapter 11,12 - Waves Flashcards

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1
Q

Outline progressive wave

A

An oscillation that travels through matter or a vacuum, transferring energy from one place to another, but not transferring matter. The particles in the matter vibrate as the wave passes through them, but they do not move along with the wave.

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2
Q

Define transverse wave and give examples

A

Oscillations are perpendicular to the direction of wave travel or energy transfer. They have peaks and troughs at maximum and minimum points of displacement.
E.g. Electromagnetic waves or water surface waves

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3
Q

Define longitudinal waves and give examples

A

Oscillations are parallel to the direction of wave travel or energy transfer. They have areas of compression, where particles are close together, and areas of rarefaction, where particles are more spread out.
E.g. sound and seismic p waves

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4
Q

Displacement

A

The distance from the equilibrium position in a particular direction

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5
Q

Amplitude

A

Maximum displacement from the equilibrium position

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6
Q

Wavelength

A

Minimum distance between two adjacent points on a wave oscillating in phase

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7
Q

Period

A

Time taken for one complete oscillation of one wavelength to pass a given point

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8
Q

Frequency

A

The number of complete oscillations passing a given point per unit time

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9
Q

Wave speed

A

The average distance travelled by a wave per unit time

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10
Q

Phase difference

A

Difference in displacement of particles along a wave, or in two different waves.

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11
Q

Phase difference for particles in phase

A

multiple of 2pi or 360 degrees

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12
Q

Phase difference for out of phase particles

A

separation in wavelengths between particles / wavelength x 360 degrees

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13
Q

In phase and in antiphase

A

in phase = 0 or 360 degrees

antiphase = 180 degrees

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14
Q

Equation for time period

A

1/frequency

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15
Q

wave equation

A

v=fλ

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16
Q

Can progressive waves be reflected, refracted and diffracted?

A

Yes

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17
Q

Define reflection and the law of

A

when a wave changes direction at a boundary between two media, angle of incidence = angle of reflection

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18
Q

what happens to the wavelength and frequency after reflection

A

Stay the same

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19
Q

Define refraction

A

When a wave changes direction due to a change in speed, when it enters a new medium.

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20
Q

What happens to wavelength and frequency after refraction

A
  • frequency remains constant

- but if speed increases, v=fλ states that λ must also increase

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21
Q

What happens to the speed of sound through denser materials

A

speeds up

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22
Q

What happens to em wave speed through denser materials

A

slow down

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23
Q

What will always happen to light incident on a surface

A

partial reflection

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24
Q

Define diffraction

A

the spreading out of a wave front as it passes through a gap

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25
Q

What happens to λ, v and f after diffraction

A

stay the same

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26
Q

When will maximum diffraction occur

A

when the gap the wave passes through is the same size as the wavelength of the incident wave

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27
Q

Can longitudinal waves be polarized?

A

No as direction of energy transfer is already parallel to oscillations, only transverse waves can be polarized

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28
Q

Define plane polarisation

A

A wave that only oscillates in one plane, e.g. vertical propagation

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29
Q

Why is light so hard to diffract?

A

such a small wavelength so require such a small gap

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30
Q

Explain what partial polarization is and why sunglasses can be designed using them

A
  • When there are more wave oscillating in one particular plane, but the wave isn’t completely plane polarized.
  • Light reflected off water is partially polarized.
  • Most of this light is oscillating in the horizontal plane and so sunglasses can contain polarizing filters which allow only one plane of light to pass through, reducing the glare reflected off flat surfaces like lakes
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31
Q

Define Intensity of a progressive wave

A

Radiant power passing at right angles through a surface per unit area
- I = P/A

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32
Q

Relationship of intensity and amplitude

A

Intensity α Amplitude squared

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33
Q

Define electromagnetic waves

A

Transverse progressive waves consisting of magnetic and electric fields which oscillate at right angles to each other and can travel through a vacuum.

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34
Q

Order of EM spectrum from longest λ to shortest

A 
Radio (low frequency)
Micro
Infrared
Visible 
Ultraviolet
X-ray
Gamma (high frequency)
35
Q

Order of visible light spectrum from longest λ to shortest

A 
Red
Orange
Yellow
Green
Blue
Indigo
Violet
36
Q

λ of radiowaves

A

10^3

37
Q

λ of microwaves

A

10^-2

38
Q

λ of infrared

A

10^-5

39
Q

λ of visible

A

0.5x10^-6

40
Q

λ of ultraviolet

A

10^-8

41
Q

λ of x-ray

A

10^-10

42
Q

λ of gamma

A

> 10^-12

43
Q

equation for refractive index

A 
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium
n = c/v
44
Q

angle to determine angle of refraction , θ1

A

n1sinθ1 = n2sinθ

45
Q

how do you measure angles of refraction and reflection

A

to the normal

46
Q

define total internal reflection

A

Occurs at a boundary between two transparent media , with no refraction - all of the light incident on the boundary is reflected back into the original medium.

47
Q

Conditions for total internal reflection

A
  • light must be travelling from a high refractive index to a low refractive index
  • the angle of incidence of the ray to the normal must be the critical angle
48
Q

what is the critical angle

A

angle of incidence when the angle of refraction is 90 degrees

49
Q

equation for critical angle

A

sinC = 1/n

however only useful if original medium is air

50
Q

Principle of superposition

A

when two waves meet at a point, they overlap and superpose, the resultant wave at that point is equal to the sum of the displacements of the initial waves.

51
Q

define coherent

A

waves emitted with constant and unchanging phase difference

52
Q

Define interference

A

Superposition occurring between two coherent waves

53
Q

How to tell if constructive or destructive interference is occurring?

A

constructive has even phase differences of 0, 2π, 4π, 6π….

destructive has odd phase difference of π, 3π, 5π

54
Q

what is monochromatic light

A

light of only a single wavelength

55
Q

Young’s double slit equation

A

λ = ax/d
where a is the slit separation
x is the distance between two adjacent maxima
d is the distance from the screen

56
Q

what is a diffraction grating

A

piece of transparent material with many opaque lines scratched onto it

57
Q

Equation for order maxima

A

dsinθ = nλ

where n is the maxima number

58
Q

stationary waves

A

a series of alternating nodes and antinodes

59
Q

Formation of stationary waves

A

formed when two progressive waves with the same frequency and ideally amplitude, travelling in opposite directions, superpose.

60
Q

node

A

point of no movement with zero amplitude

61
Q

antinode

A

point of maximum displacement

62
Q

equation for phase difference on a wave

A

180 degrees x n where n is the number of nodes between the two points

63
Q

Do stationary waves transfer energy

A

No, they store it

64
Q

what is the fundamental frequency

A

lowest possible frequency of vibration

65
Q

what does the number of nodes on a stationary wave depend on

A

frequency

66
Q

table of harmonics

A

in textbook

67
Q

stationary waves

A

a series of alternating nodes and antinodes

68
Q

Formation of stationary waves

A

formed when two progressive waves with the same frequency and ideally amplitude, travelling in opposite directions, superpose.

69
Q

node

A

point of no movement with zero amplitude

70
Q

antinode

A

point of maximum displacement

71
Q

equation for phase difference on a wave

A

180 degrees x n where n is the number of nodes between the two points

72
Q

Do stationary waves transfer energy

A

No, they store it

73
Q

what is the fundamental frequency

A

lowest possible frequency of vibration

74
Q

what does the number of nodes on a stationary wave depend on

A

frequency

75
Q

table of harmonics

A

in textbook

76
Q

stationary waves

A

a series of alternating nodes and antinodes

77
Q

Formation of stationary waves

A

formed when two progressive waves with the same frequency and ideally amplitude, travelling in opposite directions, superpose.

78
Q

node

A

point of no movement with zero amplitude

79
Q

antinode

A

point of maximum displacement

80
Q

equation for phase difference on a wave

A

180 degrees x n where n is the number of nodes between the two points

81
Q

Do stationary waves transfer energy

A

No, they store it

82
Q

what is the fundamental frequency

A

lowest possible frequency of vibration

83
Q

what does the number of nodes on a stationary wave depend on

A

frequency

84
Q

table of harmonics

A

in textbook

Physics (21 decks)

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