chapter 11&12 The role of amygdala in memory system and in stress

Question 1

where is the amygdala located

Answer 1

in the interior of the temporal lobe
receives input from many cortical and subcortical areas

Question 2

inputs in amygdala

Answer 2

vision smell hearing taste

Question 3

limbic system

Answer 3

amygdala , hippocampus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia , pituary gland, thalmus, striatum

Question 4

Hypothalamus

Answer 4

Regulates the ANS via hormone release. Regulates blood pressure ,heart rate ,hunger,thirst ,sexual arousal, circadian rhythm

Question 5

Pituitary gland

Answer 5

Produce and release hormones that help carry out bodily functions such as growth, metabolism ,reproduction, responses to stress

Question 6

Amygdala

Answer 6

Regulates emotion, fear, anxiety ,aggression and gives emotional meaning to memories

Question 7

Hippocampus

Answer 7

Episodic memory & spatial memory

Question 8

Striatum

Answer 8

Procedural learning ,habit learning and memory

Question 9

Thalamus

Answer 9

Regulation of sleep
consciousness
Alertness

Question 10

Basal ganglia

Answer 10

Motor movement
Reward learning
Addiction

Question 11

Smell and memories

Answer 11

Brain region for smell is closely connected with the one involved in memory that’s why strong memories are made through the sense of smell

Question 12

Which memories form quicker

Answer 12

Emotional significant memories

Question 13

Amygdala system

Answer 13

Implicit emotional memory

Question 14

Hippocampal system

Answer 14

Explicit memory about emotions

Question 15

What are the adrenal hormones

Answer 15

The adrenal glands are located at the top of both kidneys

Question 16

What are the adrenal hormones 2

Answer 16

adrenaline (immune system)
Noradrenaline (blood pressure)
Cortisol
(stress response)

Question 17

Role of adrenaline in stress

Answer 17

Neurotransmitter and a hormone produced in the medulla in the adernal glands
Plays a role in fight or flight response

Question 18

Noradrenaline

Answer 18

Neurotransmitter and a hormone produced in the medulla in the adernal glands
It’s plays a role in the mood and ability to concentrate and respond to stress

Question 19

Cortisol

Answer 19

Steroid hormone made in the adernal glands
Most cells have cortisol receptors
Stress hormone
Regulates the metabolism
Reduces inflammation
Memory formulation

Question 20

stress responce system

Answer 20

Cortisol secretion is controlled by the HPA axis.
1. In stressful conditions, hypothalamus cells are activated causing
the secretion of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH).
2. CRH is transported via blood vessels to the pituitary gland, and in response, adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) is released.
3. ACTH enters the general blood circulation.
4. ACTH will activate cortisol synthesis in the cortex & the adrenal gland.
5. Cortisol is transported through the bloodstream to the peripheral and CNS.

Question 21

Stress response system reverse

Answer 21

The cortisol secretion is regulated by the HPA axis.
* By classical negative feedback loops, cortisol
secretion is suppressed.
* Cortisol prevents CRH secretion from the hypothalamus.
* This cuts off ACTH secretion, which leads to cortisol secretion being turned off from the adrenal gland.

Question 22

What if we are under constant stress?

Answer 22

This can lead to a number of health problems, including:
✓ Anxiety & Depression
✓ Headaches
✓ Heart Disease
✓ Memory and concentration problems ✓ Problems with digestion
✓ Trouble sleeping ✓ Weight gain

Question 23

Acute stress

Answer 23

Acute stress: Acute stress happens when we’re in sudden danger within a short period of time. For example, barely avoiding a car accident or being chased by an animal.

Question 24

chronic stress

Answer 24

Chronic (long-term) stress happens when we experience ongoing situations that cause frustration or anxiety. For example, having a difficult or frustrating job or having a chronic illness can cause chronic stress.

Question 25

Traumatic stress

Answer 25

Traumatic stress happens when we experience a life-threatening event that induces fear and a feeling of helplessness. For example, experiencing war or sexual assault can cause traumatic stress. In some cases, these events can lead to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).

Question 26

Stress and immune system

Answer 26

Stress does not make us sick, but it alters our immune functioning
✓ During an aroused fight-or-flight reaction, our stress responses divert energy from our immune system and sent it to our muscles and brain, making us more vulnerable to illness.
increases production of natural killer cells, leukocytes and cytokines