chapter 11&12 The role of amygdala in memory system and in stress Flashcards
where is the amygdala located
in the interior of the temporal lobe
receives input from many cortical and subcortical areas
inputs in amygdala
vision smell hearing taste
limbic system
amygdala , hippocampus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia , pituary gland, thalmus, striatum
Hypothalamus
Regulates the ANS via hormone release. Regulates blood pressure ,heart rate ,hunger,thirst ,sexual arousal, circadian rhythm
Pituitary gland
Produce and release hormones that help carry out bodily functions such as growth, metabolism ,reproduction, responses to stress
Amygdala
Regulates emotion, fear, anxiety ,aggression and gives emotional meaning to memories
Hippocampus
Episodic memory & spatial memory
Striatum
Procedural learning ,habit learning and memory
Thalamus
Regulation of sleep
consciousness
Alertness
Basal ganglia
Motor movement
Reward learning
Addiction
Smell and memories
Brain region for smell is closely connected with the one involved in memory that’s why strong memories are made through the sense of smell
Which memories form quicker
Emotional significant memories
Amygdala system
Implicit emotional memory
Hippocampal system
Explicit memory about emotions
What are the adrenal hormones
The adrenal glands are located at the top of both kidneys
What are the adrenal hormones 2
adrenaline (immune system)
Noradrenaline (blood pressure)
Cortisol
(stress response)
Role of adrenaline in stress
Neurotransmitter and a hormone produced in the medulla in the adernal glands
Plays a role in fight or flight response
Noradrenaline
Neurotransmitter and a hormone produced in the medulla in the adernal glands
It’s plays a role in the mood and ability to concentrate and respond to stress
Cortisol
Steroid hormone made in the adernal glands
Most cells have cortisol receptors
Stress hormone
Regulates the metabolism
Reduces inflammation
Memory formulation
stress responce system
Cortisol secretion is controlled by the HPA axis.
1. In stressful conditions, hypothalamus cells are activated causing
the secretion of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH).
2. CRH is transported via blood vessels to the pituitary gland, and in response, adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) is released.
3. ACTH enters the general blood circulation.
4. ACTH will activate cortisol synthesis in the cortex & the adrenal gland.
5. Cortisol is transported through the bloodstream to the peripheral and CNS.
Stress response system reverse
The cortisol secretion is regulated by the HPA axis.
* By classical negative feedback loops, cortisol
secretion is suppressed.
* Cortisol prevents CRH secretion from the hypothalamus.
* This cuts off ACTH secretion, which leads to cortisol secretion being turned off from the adrenal gland.
What if we are under constant stress?
This can lead to a number of health problems, including:
✓ Anxiety & Depression
✓ Headaches
✓ Heart Disease
✓ Memory and concentration problems ✓ Problems with digestion
✓ Trouble sleeping ✓ Weight gain
Acute stress
Acute stress: Acute stress happens when we’re in sudden danger within a short period of time. For example, barely avoiding a car accident or being chased by an animal.
chronic stress
Chronic (long-term) stress happens when we experience ongoing situations that cause frustration or anxiety. For example, having a difficult or frustrating job or having a chronic illness can cause chronic stress.
