ch 12 the role of hippocampus striatum in memory

Question 1

Brain structures involved in memory

Answer 1

Hippocampus ,amygdala . prefrontal cortex frontal lobe

Question 2

hippocampus

Answer 2

Hippocampus is a brain structure embedded deep in the temporal lobe of each cerebral cortex.
✓ The term hippocampus originates form the Greek word hippocampus (hippo meaning “horse” & kampos meaning “sea monster”)
✓ It is an important part of the limbic system, a cortical region that regulates motivation, emotion, learning, and memory

Question 3

What are the functions of hippocampus?

Answer 3

• Memory encoding
• Memory consolidation
  -spatial navigation

Question 4

Episodic memories:

Answer 4

memories created from things we experience
personally

Question 5

Semantic memories:

Answer 5

Facts and information

Question 6

The hippocampus and declarative memory

Answer 6

Important and the encoding of new memories especially those who are declarative memories( episodic memory semantic memory)

Question 7

The Hippocampus and Spatial Memory

Answer 7

Significant in spatial navigation.
* Spatial relationship memories appear to be stored in the right hippocampus.
* Within the spatial memories, we have a cognitive map, which is a mental representation
containing information on relative locations in specific environments.
* Place cells, a type of pyramidal cell, are mainly involved in hippocampus-mediated spatial navigation.

Question 8

The main components of the basal ganglia are

Answer 8

the striatum, consisting of both the dorsal striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen) and the ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle)
* the globus pallidus
* the ventral pallidum or ventral tegmental area (VTA)
* the substantia nigra
* the subthalamic nucleus

Question 9

The striatum is composed of two nuclei:

Answer 9

1. Dorsal striatum
   * Caudate nucleus * Putamen
2. Ventral striatum
   * Nucleus accumbens
   * Olfactory tubercle

Question 10

SEMANTIC DEMENTIA

Answer 10

✓Semantic amnesia is a type of amnesia that affects semantic memory and is primarily manifested through difficulties with language use and acquisition, recall of facts and general knowledge.
✓ A patient with semantic amnesia would have damage to the temporal lobe.

Question 11

What causes Alzheimer’s Disease?

Answer 11

Alzheimer’s dementia is caused by progressive neuronal & synaptic losses (atrophy) in the hippocampus, striatum and neocortex.
✓ AD is associated with an accumulation
and clumping of the following brain proteins:
1. Amyloid beta protein
* Creates plaques from damaged axons and dendrites
2. An abnormal form of the tau protein
* Creates tangles

Question 12

SYMPTOMS OF THE DISEASE

Answer 12

Memory loss that disrupts daily life: Forgetting recently learned information important
dates or events.
* Challenges in planning or solving problems: Some people may experience changes in their ability to develop and follow a plan or work with numbers.
* Challenges in planning or solving problems: Some people may experience changes in their ability to develop and follow a plan or work with numbers.
* Difficulty completing familiar tasks at home, at work or at leisure: Hard to complete daily tasks.
* Confusion with time or place: People with AD can lose track of dates, seasons and the passage of time.

• New problems with words in speaking or writing: May have trouble for joining a conversation. They may struggle with vocabulary, have problems finding the right word or call things by the wrong name.
• Decreased or poor judgment: They may experience changes in judgment or decision making.
• Withdrawal from work or social activities: They may start to remove themselves from hobbies, social activities, work projects or sports.
• Changes in mood and personality: The mood and personality of people with AD can change. They can become confused, suspicious, depressed, fearful or anxious. They may be easily upset at home, at work, with friends or in places where they are out of their comfort zone.

Question 13

Alzheimer’s Disease

Answer 13

✓ AD is an irreversible, progressive brain disease
✓ Associated with a gradually progressive loss of memory, often occurring in old age
* Affects 50 percent of people over 85 and 5 percent of people 65 –74 (Zhang X.X. et al., 2021, Serrano-Pozo A.
et al., 2019)
* Early onset seems to be influenced by genes (Matthews K.A. et al., 2019)
* 99 percent of cases are late onset. Late onset is, also, called sporadic AD.
* The cause of late onset AD are not yet understood, but they likely include a combination of genetic, environment and lifestyle factors.
* About half of all patients with late onset have no known relative with the disease (Kandel et al., 2012)
✓ No drug is currently effective
-A patient with AD has gyri that are clearly shrunken in comparison with those of a normal person.

Question 14

The Wernicke - Korsakoff’s Syndrome

Answer 14

✓Brain damage caused by prolonged thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency
* B1 deficiency causes damage to the brain’s thalamus and hypothalamus
* Leads to a loss of or shrinkage of neurons in the brain ✓Often due to chronic alcoholism
✓It is an amnestic disorder, that involves both anterograde and retrograde amnesia
* Aapathy, confusion
* Atrophy in the prefrontal cortex (confabulation, disruption of executive functioning: planning strategy abstract thinking, cognitive flexibility, and behavior regulation)

Question 15

DEMENTIA IS A SYNDROME

Answer 15

Dementia is the loss of cognitive functioning – thinking, remembering and reasoning.
* Interferes with social or occupational function.
* Can include behavioral & psychological symptoms.
* It is not a normal part of aging.
* Due to biological changes in the brain (the brain is Damaged by injury or disease)
* Alzheimer’s is most common cause.