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Basic Patho Exam 2 > Chapter 11 & 12: Cancer > Flashcards

Chapter 11 & 12: Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

A patient has a tissue growth that was diagnosed as cancer. Which of the following terms best describes this growth?
a. Malignant tumor
b. Lipoma
c. Meningioma
d. Hypertrophy

A

a. malignant tumor

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2
Q

Which information indicates a nurse understands characteristics of malignant tumors?
a. Grows slowly
b. Has a well-defined capsule
c. Cells vary in size and shape
d. Is well differentiated

A

c. cells vary in size and shape

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3
Q

A nurse is discussing preinvasive epithelial tumors of glandular or squamous cell origin. What is the nurse describing?
a. Tumor in differentiation
b. Dysplastic
c. Cancer in situ
d. Cancer beyond (meta) situ

A

c. cancer in situ

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4
Q

A 25-year-old male develops a tumor of the breast glandular tissue. What type of tumor will be documented on the chart?
a. Carcinoma
b. Adenocarcinoma
c. Sarcoma
d. Lymphoma

A

b. adenocarcinoma

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5
Q

A 30-year-old female is diagnosed with cancer. Testing reveals that the cancer cells have spread to local lymph nodes. A nurse realizes this cancer would be documented as stage:
a. 1.
b. 2.
c. 3.
d. 4.

A

c. 3

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6
Q

An oncologist is discussing when a cancer cell loses differentiation. Which of the following is the oncologist describing?
a. Autonomy
b. Anaplasia
c. Pleomorphic
d. Metastasis

A

b. anaplasia

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7
Q

A primary care provider is attempting to diagnose cancer and is looking for a tumor marker. Which of the following could be a possible marker?
a. Red blood cells
b. Apoptotic cells
c. Enzymes
d. Neurotransmitters

A

c. enzymes

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8
Q

A 52-year-old male with hepatitis C recently developed hepatic cancer. Which of the following markers should be increased?
a. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
b. Catecholamines
c. Prostate-specific antigen
d. Homovanillic acid

A

a. alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)

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9
Q

Which information should the nurse include when teaching about angiogenic factors? In cancer, angiogenic factors stimulate:
a. release of growth factors.
b. tumor regression.
c. apoptosis.
d. new blood vessel growth.

A

d. new blood vessel growth

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10
Q

What is the effect of telomere caps on cancer cells?
a. Repeated divisions
b. Clonal distinction
c. Limited mitosis
d. Mutation abilities

A

a. repeated divisions

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11
Q

Which of the following indicates a nurse understands a proto-oncogene? A proto-oncogene is best defined as a(n) _____ gene.
a. normal
b. altered
c. inactive
d. tumor-suppressor

A

a. normal

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12
Q

Which genetic change causes alterations in only one or a few nucleotide bases?
a. Insertions
b. Deletions
c. Point mutations
d. Amplification mutations

A

c. point mutations

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13
Q

A 45-year-old female was recently diagnosed with cervical cancer. Which of the following is the most likely cause of her cancer?
a. Herpes virus
b. Rubella virus
c. Human papillomavirus (HPV)
d. Hepatitis B virus

A

c. human papillomavirus (HPV)

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14
Q

A 30-year-old male with HIV is diagnosed with Epstein-Barr virus. After 2 months, the virus is still active. Based upon the Epstein-Barr virus, which of the following cancers is most likely to develop in this patient?
a. B-cell lymphoma
b. Kaposi sarcoma
c. T-cell leukemia
d. T-cell lipoma

A

a. B-cell lymphoma

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15
Q

A 45-year-old male presents with persistent, severe stomach pain. Testing reveals a peptic ulcer. Further laboratory tests reveal the presence of Helicobacter pylori. Which of the following is of concern for this patient?
a. Gastric cancer
b. Leukemia
c. Lung cancer
d. Adenocarcinoma of the colon

A

a. gastric cancer

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16
Q
  1. Which statement indicates the patient has a correct understanding of metastasis? The most common route of metastasis is through the blood vessels and:
    a. lung tissue.
    b. body cavities.
    c. lymphatics.
    d. connective tissues.
A

c. lymphatics

17
Q

A nurse is giving an example of inflammation as an etiology for cancer development. What is the best example the nurse should give?
a. Pneumonia and lung cancer
b. Ulcerative colitis and colon cancer
c. Prostatic hypertrophy and prostate cancer
d. Hypercholesterolemia and leukemia

A

b. ulcerative colitis and colon cancer

18
Q

A patient asks when adjuvant chemotherapy is used. How should the nurse respond? Adjuvant chemotherapy treatment is used:
a. as the primary treatment.
b. before radiation therapy.
c. after surgical removal of a tumor.
d. in cancer with little risk of metastasis.

A

c. after surgical removal of a tumor

19
Q

Brachytherapy is being used to treat cancer in a patient. What types of cancers respond well to brachytherapy? (select all that apply)
a. Prostate
b. Cervix
c. Head
d. Neck
e. Lung

A

a. prostate
b. cervix
c. head
d. neck

20
Q

The most important environmental risk factor for cancer is exposure to:
a. ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
b. radon.
c. estrogen.
d. cigarette smoke.

A

d. cigarette smoke

21
Q

When an oncologist is discussing the degree to which an organism’s development is contingent on its environment, which of the following is the oncologist explaining?
a. Transgenerational inheritance
b. Epigenetics
c. Histone modification
d. Developmental plasticity

A

d. developmental plasticity

22
Q

Chromosome aberrations and mutations in cells that were not directly irradiated are referred to as:
a. bystander effects.
b. lethal mutation.
c. delayed reproductive death.
d. genetic instability.

A

a. bystander effects

23
Q

A patient develops skin cancer on the head and neck following years of sunbathing. Which of the following cancers is most likely?
a. lymphoma
b. adenoma
c. basal cell carcinoma
d. leukemia

A

c. basal cell carcinoma

24
Q

A nurse recalls physical activity was shown to definitely reduce the risk of which of the following types of cancer?
a. Prostate
b. Lung
c. Bone
d. Colon

A

d. bone

25
Q

A 65-year-old patient recently diagnosed with cancer retired from construction work. Which cancer is likely to develop secondarily to occupational hazards?
a. Mesothelioma
b. Bladder cancer
c. prostate cancer
d. bone cancer

A

a. mesothelioma

26
Q

A patient asks why indoor pollution is worse than outdoor pollution. How should the nurse respond? Indoor pollution is considered worse than outdoor pollution because of cigarette smoke and:
a. fireplace wood smoke.
b. radon.
c. benzene.
d. chlorine.

A

b. radon

27
Q

A water test recently revealed arsenic levels above 200 mcg/L. Which of the following cancers would be most likely to develop in those who consistently drank the water?
a. Liver
b. Skin
c. Colon
d. Kidney

A

b. skin

28
Q

When an oncologist is teaching about how radiation induces genomic instability, which topic should the oncologist discuss?
a. Increasing hypersensitivity
b. Facilitating new mutations
c. Promoting cell death
d. Enhancing mitosis

A

b. facilitating new mutations

29
Q

Which of the following patients would be at greatest risk for basal cell carcinoma?
a. dark complexion, light eyes, underweight
b. light complexion, dark eyes, overweight
c. medium complexion, light eyes, smoker
d. light complexion, light eyes, fair hair

A

d. light complexion, light eyes, fair hair

30
Q

The role of physical activity in the prevention of colon cancer is identified by which of the following?a. It increases fluid loss, leading to thirst and increased fluid intake, hydrating the colon.
b. It increases blood supply, thereby increasing oxygen to the colon.
c. It increases gut motility, thereby decreasing the time the bowel is exposed to
mutagens.
d. It increases the secretion of hydrochloric acid, thereby killing mutants.

A

c. it increases gut motility, thereby decreasing the time the bowel is exposed to mutagens

31
Q

A 50-year-old female confirms chronic alcohol intake. This practice places the patient at risk for cancer in which organs? (select all that apply)
a. Larynx
b. Esophagus
c. Liver
d. Lung
e. Brain
f. Breast

A

a. larynx
b. esophagus
c. liver
f. breast

Basic Patho Exam 2 (5 decks)

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