Chapter 11 & 12: Adolescence Flashcards
Puberty
The biological stage of development is characterized by physiological and cognitive changes that are associated with reproduction.
Feedback Loop
A system in which glands regulate each other’s functioning through a series of hormonal messages.
Primary Sex Characteristics
The structures that make reproduction possible.
Secondary Sex Characteristics
Physical indicators of sexual maturation - such as changes to the voice and growth of bodily hair - that do not directly involve reproductive structures.
Asynchronous Growth
Imbalanced growth, such as the growth that occurs during the early part of adolescence and causes many adolescents to appear gawky.
Secular Trend
A historical trend toward increasing adult height and earlier puberty.
Semen
The fluid contains sperm and substances that nourish and help transport sperm.
Nocturnal Emission
Emission of seminal fluid while asleep.
Gynecomastia
Enlargement of breast tissue in males.
Epiphyseal Closer
The process by which the cartilage that separate the long end of the bone from the main part of the bone turns to bone.
Menarche
The onset of menstruation.
Anorexia Nervosa
An eating disorder characterized by an irrational fear of gaining weight, distorted body image, and severe weight loss.
Sleep disturbance, cessation of menstruation, insensitivity to pain, hair loss, low blood
pressure, cardiovascular problemas, reduced body temperature, osteoporosis
○ 4-18% starve to death
Osteoporosis
A condition involving progressive loss of bone tissue.
Bulima Nervosa
An eating disorder characterized by cycles of binge eating and vomiting as a means of controlling weight gain.
Formal Operations
The fourth stage in Piaget’s cognitive-development theory characterized by the capacity for flexible, reversible operations concerning abstract ideas and concepts, such as symbols, statements, and theories.
* Systematic problem solving
- Methodical search for a problem’s answer
- Test hypothesis by isolating one variable at a time
* Hypothetico-deductive reasoning
- “What might be”
- Naive idealism
- Think about what to do before actually doing it
* Sophisticated use of symbols
- Can understand metaphors and are more creative
What is ‘Hypothetico-deductive reasoning?’
H-D, procedure for the construction of a scientific theory that will account for results obtained through direct observation and experimentation and that will, through inference, predict further effects that can then be verified or disproved by empirical evidence
Imaginary Audience
The belief that others around us are concerned with our thoughts, appearance,and behaviours as we are; one aspect of adolescent egocentrism
Personal Fable
The belief that our feelings and ides are special and unique and that we are invulnerable; one aspect of egocentrism
Postconventional Level
According to Kohlberg, a period during which moral judgments are derived from moral principles and people look to themselves to set moral standards.
Ego Identity
Accordingly to Eriksim, individuals sense of who they are and what they stand for.
Phychological Moratorium
A time-out period when adolescents experiment with different roles, values, and beliefs, and relationships.
Identity Crisis
A turning point in development during which people examine their values and make decisions about their life roles.
Identity Diffusion
An identity status that characterizes those who are non-committal to specific beliefs and who are not in the process of exploring alternatives.
Foreclosure
An identity status that characterizes those who have made commitments without considering alternatives.
Moratorium
An identity status that characterizes those who are actively exploring alternatives and have developed commitments.
Identity Achievement
An identity status that characterizes those who have explored alternatives and have developed commitments.
Ethic Idetity
A sense of belonging to an ethnic group.
Unexamined Ethnic Identity
The first stage of ethnic identity development; is similar to the diffusion or foreclosure identity statuses.
Ethnic Identity Search
The second stage of ethnic identity development; similar to the moratorium identity status
Achieved Ethnic Identity
The final stage of ethnic identity development; is similar to the moratorium identity status.
Clique
A group of five to ten individuals who may be exclusive of others and who share activities with confidence.
Crowd
A large, loosely organized group of people who may or may not spend time together and who are identified by the activities of the group.
Materbation
Sexual self-stimulation.
Youth in Conflict with the Law
A child or adolescent whose behaviour is characterized by illegal activities.
Brain development in adolescents
Dramatic change in grey matter volume
○ Size and complexity of neurons, not number
● Steady increase in white matter
○ Frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital, corpus callosum, Wernicke’s and Broca’s area
● Limbic system flourishes while prefrontal cortex develops slowly
Skeletal system in adolescents
Shape of jaws change
Motor development in adolescents
Girls are better coordinated
○ Boys catch up by the end of adolescence
Heart & lungs in adolescents
Increase in lung size, heart rate drops
○ More pronounced in boys
Chlamydia in adolescents
PID, ectopic pregnancy, infertility, genital/urinary disorders in boys
■ Most common in young Canadians
HPV in adolescents
- Skin and genital warts
- Pre-cancerous lesions leading to certain types of cancer
- 75% of Canadians had at least one HPV infection in their lives
- Vaccines is available
Prevalence of bulimia in adolescents
1-4%
Prevalence of Depression in adolescents
More common in girls/women
○ 25% of women between 16-19 years
SSRIs are not recommended: suicidal ideation
Prevalence of suicide in adolescents
○ Second leading cause of death for Canadians between 15 and 19 years
○ More common in boys/ men
■ But girls/women attempt more
○ Rate among Canadian indigenous youth are among the highest in the world
What is ‘naive idealism?’
a way of thinking characterized by solutions and beliefs that are very optimistic and positive but not realistic or well thought out. This type of thinking is typical of adolescents.
What is ‘Hypothetico-deductive reasoning?’
H-D, procedure for the construction of a scientific theory that will account for results obtained through direct observation and experimentation and that will, through inference, predict further effects that can then be verified or disproved by empirical evidence
What are Marcia’s identity statuses?
Marcia’s four identity stages are diffusion (low exploration, low commitment), foreclosure (low exploration, high commitment), moratorium (high exploration, low commitment), and achievement (high exploration, high commitment).
What are Phinney’s stages of development?
This model is the foundation for the commonly accepted model of ethnic identity proposed by Phinney (1989), who defined ethnic identity in three stages: (a) commitment and attachment–the extent of an individual’s sense of belonging to his or her group, (b) exploration–engaging in activities that increase knowledge and experiences of one’s ethnicity, and (c) achieved ethnic identity–having a clear sense of group membership and what one’s ethnicity means to the individual.
Relationships with peers in adolescents:
Groups may include members of the other sex
○ Girls tend to have a few close friends
- Unstructured activities, more intimate relationships
○ Boys tend to participate of larger groups
- Structured activities, less intimate
* Both: Transition from cliques and crowds to close relationships
