Chapter 10: Middle Childhood - Social & Emotional Development Flashcards
What is ‘reciprocal determinism?’
The interplay between one’s personality, environment, and behaviour.
* Coined by Bandura
* When children are aggressive, they receive feedback that they are powerful and the environment changes, allowing the children to maintain their power of fear
What is ‘social cognition?’
One’s understanding of the relatinhip between oneself and others.
What are ‘blended families?’
Families that include the biological children of at least one of the partners in a relationship.
What are ‘skip-generation families?’
Families whose grandparents parent the grandchildren with little or no help from their adult child.
What is ‘peer rejection?’ What are the two types?
When children are rejected by their peers. Divided into two groups: one is withdrawn-rejected, as someone is disliked by their peers due to being perceived differently; the other is aggressive-rejected, and their children are rejected due to aggressive, disruptive behaviour
What is ‘bullying?’
An act of intentional harm, repeated over time, in a relationship characterized by an imbalance in power.
What are ‘bystanders?’
Peers who watch bullying episodes take place but do not take part in the bullying, at least, initially
hat is ‘cyberbullying?’
Using some form of technology to bully and harass another person
What is the ‘pygmalion effect?’
A self-fulfilling prophecy; is an expectation that is confirmed because of the behaviour of those who hold the expectation.
* shows that teacher expectations influence student performance. Positive expectations influence performance positively, and negative expectations influence performance negatively.
What is a ‘self-fulfilling prophecy?’
An event that occurs because of the behaviour of those who expect it to occur.
What is ‘sexism?’
Discrimination or bias based on a person’s sex.
What is ‘serotonin?’
A neurotransmitter that is involved in mood disorders such as depression.
What is ‘attributional style?’
One’s disposition toward interpreting outcomes (success or failures), as in tending to place blame or responsibility on oneself on external factors.
What is ‘generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?’
An anxiety disorder in which anxiety appears to be present continuously and is unrelated to the situation.
What are ‘phobias?’
Irrational, excessive fears that interfere with one’s functioning.
What is ‘separation anxiety disorder (SAD)?’
An extreme form of separation anxiety characterized by anxiety about separating from parents, SAD often takes the form of refusal to go to school.
What is ‘school phobia?’
Fear of attending school, marked by extreme anxiety at leaving parents.
What are ‘conduct disorders?’
Disorders marked by the persistent breaking of the rules and violations of the rights of others.
How does a child’s self-concept change as they progress from early to middle childhood?
- In early childhood, children’s self-concepts focus on external traits.
- In middle childhood, children begin to include abstract internal traits or personality traits, and social relationships and group memberships take on significance.
What is ‘self-concept?’
An idea of the self-constructed from the beliefs one holds about oneself and the responses of others.
Based on social comparison
● Perception of others
● Perception of peers as similar (as models)
● Own experience almost important factor!
What is ‘self-esteem?’
Self-esteem is confidence in one’s own worth or abilities.
* Individual overall and specific self-evaluation
* Tends to decline throughout middle-childhood (lowest point around 12-13)
* Based on the child’s mental comparison of her ideal and
actual self/experiences (If discrepant, will lead to low self-esteem)
What contributes to lower self-esteem?
- Social media comparison (with is also affecting age-specific social abilities)
- Pre-schoolers are egocentric and have unrealistic self-concepts; in middle childhood, they begin to compare themselves to other children
- type of parent figure (a non-authoritative parent)
How do children progress through the ‘levels of perspective-taking?’
- Ages 3-6: egocentric, no concept of theory of mind, assumes everyone feels the same as they do
- Ages 5-9: developing ‘theory of mind.’ but still assuming that their perspective is the right one and they have more information.
- Ages 7-12: developing ‘theory of mind.’ They understand that others think differently because they have different values or ideas. They also know that others are capable of understanding their own perspective. A child can anticipate the reactions of others.
- Ages 10-15: the child knows that they and another can consider each other’s POV at the same time
- Ages 12+: mutual perspective-taking does not always lead to an agreement, and the larger social group’s perspective must also be considered.
What stage are children entering when they are in middle childhood, according to ‘Erikson’s Theory of Development?’
*Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority (6-11 years)
- children become more capable of learning new skills and knowledge, which develops a sense of industry
* Children begin to look outwardly and compare themselves with their peers; constant social comparison can result in feelings of inadequacy and inferiority
* Development of a sense of competence through the achievement of culturally defined goals
○ Development of willingness to work to accomplish these goals
○ Success brings a sense of competence and mastery
○ Failures bring a sense of inadequacy, inferiority
What are the family characteristics of ‘same-sex parents?’
Psychological adjustment and sexual orientation comparable with that of children of heterosexual parents
What are the family characteristics of ‘divorced’ parents?’
- Financial strain
- After a couple of years, children tend to rebound
- Long-term consequences in middle-childhood
- more likely to experience conduct disorders, drug abuse, and poor grades in school, lowered self-esteem, disruptions in interpersonal functioning
- Difficult to study the sole impact
What are the family characteristics of ‘step-parent & blended families?’
- Role ambiguity
- Importance of supporting “biological” parent and acting as an authoritative figure
What are the family characteristics of ‘single parents?’
- Children fare almost as well as children from two-parent homes
- Level of income and education are important factors, rather than emphasizing family structure
What is ‘self-efficacy?’
Self-perceived competence
