Chapter 10: Middle Childhood - Social & Emotional Development Flashcards

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1
Q

What is ‘reciprocal determinism?’

A

The interplay between one’s personality, environment, and behaviour.
* Coined by Bandura
* When children are aggressive, they receive feedback that they are powerful and the environment changes, allowing the children to maintain their power of fear

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2
Q

What is ‘social cognition?’

A

One’s understanding of the relatinhip between oneself and others.

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3
Q

What are ‘blended families?’

A

Families that include the biological children of at least one of the partners in a relationship.

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4
Q

What are ‘skip-generation families?’

A

Families whose grandparents parent the grandchildren with little or no help from their adult child.

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5
Q

What is ‘peer rejection?’ What are the two types?

A

When children are rejected by their peers. Divided into two groups: one is withdrawn-rejected, as someone is disliked by their peers due to being perceived differently; the other is aggressive-rejected, and their children are rejected due to aggressive, disruptive behaviour

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6
Q

What is ‘bullying?’

A

An act of intentional harm, repeated over time, in a relationship characterized by an imbalance in power.

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7
Q

What are ‘bystanders?’

A

Peers who watch bullying episodes take place but do not take part in the bullying, at least, initially

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8
Q

hat is ‘cyberbullying?’

A

Using some form of technology to bully and harass another person

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9
Q

What is the ‘pygmalion effect?’

A

A self-fulfilling prophecy; is an expectation that is confirmed because of the behaviour of those who hold the expectation.
* shows that teacher expectations influence student performance. Positive expectations influence performance positively, and negative expectations influence performance negatively.

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10
Q

What is a ‘self-fulfilling prophecy?’

A

An event that occurs because of the behaviour of those who expect it to occur.

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11
Q

What is ‘sexism?’

A

Discrimination or bias based on a person’s sex.

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12
Q

What is ‘serotonin?’

A

A neurotransmitter that is involved in mood disorders such as depression.

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13
Q

What is ‘attributional style?’

A

One’s disposition toward interpreting outcomes (success or failures), as in tending to place blame or responsibility on oneself on external factors.

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14
Q

What is ‘generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?’

A

An anxiety disorder in which anxiety appears to be present continuously and is unrelated to the situation.

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15
Q

What are ‘phobias?’

A

Irrational, excessive fears that interfere with one’s functioning.

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16
Q

What is ‘separation anxiety disorder (SAD)?’

A

An extreme form of separation anxiety characterized by anxiety about separating from parents, SAD often takes the form of refusal to go to school.

17
Q

What is ‘school phobia?’

A

Fear of attending school, marked by extreme anxiety at leaving parents.

18
Q

What are ‘conduct disorders?’

A

Disorders marked by the persistent breaking of the rules and violations of the rights of others.

19
Q

How does a child’s self-concept change as they progress from early to middle childhood?

A
  • In early childhood, children’s self-concepts focus on external traits.
  • In middle childhood, children begin to include abstract internal traits or personality traits, and social relationships and group memberships take on significance.
20
Q

What is ‘self-concept?’

A

An idea of the self-constructed from the beliefs one holds about oneself and the responses of others.
Based on social comparison
● Perception of others
● Perception of peers as similar (as models)
● Own experience almost important factor!

20
Q

What is ‘self-esteem?’

A

Self-esteem is confidence in one’s own worth or abilities.
* Individual overall and specific self-evaluation
* Tends to decline throughout middle-childhood (lowest point around 12-13)
* Based on the child’s mental comparison of her ideal and
actual self/experiences (If discrepant, will lead to low self-esteem)

21
Q

What contributes to lower self-esteem?

A
  • Social media comparison (with is also affecting age-specific social abilities)
  • Pre-schoolers are egocentric and have unrealistic self-concepts; in middle childhood, they begin to compare themselves to other children
  • type of parent figure (a non-authoritative parent)
22
Q

How do children progress through the ‘levels of perspective-taking?’

A
  • Ages 3-6: egocentric, no concept of theory of mind, assumes everyone feels the same as they do
  • Ages 5-9: developing ‘theory of mind.’ but still assuming that their perspective is the right one and they have more information.
  • Ages 7-12: developing ‘theory of mind.’ They understand that others think differently because they have different values or ideas. They also know that others are capable of understanding their own perspective. A child can anticipate the reactions of others.
  • Ages 10-15: the child knows that they and another can consider each other’s POV at the same time
  • Ages 12+: mutual perspective-taking does not always lead to an agreement, and the larger social group’s perspective must also be considered.
23
Q

What stage are children entering when they are in middle childhood, according to ‘Erikson’s Theory of Development?’

A

*Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority (6-11 years)
- children become more capable of learning new skills and knowledge, which develops a sense of industry
* Children begin to look outwardly and compare themselves with their peers; constant social comparison can result in feelings of inadequacy and inferiority
* Development of a sense of competence through the achievement of culturally defined goals
○ Development of willingness to work to accomplish these goals
○ Success brings a sense of competence and mastery
○ Failures bring a sense of inadequacy, inferiority

24
Q

What are the family characteristics of ‘same-sex parents?’

A

Psychological adjustment and sexual orientation comparable with that of children of heterosexual parents

25
Q

What are the family characteristics of ‘divorced’ parents?’

A
  • Financial strain
  • After a couple of years, children tend to rebound
  • Long-term consequences in middle-childhood
  • more likely to experience conduct disorders, drug abuse, and poor grades in school, lowered self-esteem, disruptions in interpersonal functioning
  • Difficult to study the sole impact
26
Q

What are the family characteristics of ‘step-parent & blended families?’

A
  • Role ambiguity
  • Importance of supporting “biological” parent and acting as an authoritative figure
27
Q

What are the family characteristics of ‘single parents?’

A
  • Children fare almost as well as children from two-parent homes
  • Level of income and education are important factors, rather than emphasizing family structure
28
Q

What is ‘self-efficacy?’

A

Self-perceived competence