Chapter 11 & 12

Question 1

Describe the function of the meninges

Answer 1

The function of the meninges is to cover and protect cns, protect blood vessels and enclose venous sinuses. Contain cerebrospinal fluid, form partitions in skull.

Question 2

Cerebral cortex

Answer 2

Maintains our conscious state, helps us decide how to react to situations

Question 3

Broca’s area

Answer 3

Involved in speech formation

Question 4

Thalamus

Answer 4

Gateway to the cerebral cortex, mediates sensation and motor activities

Question 5

Pons

Answer 5

Connects brain centers and helps maintain the normal rhythm of breathing

Question 6

Sensory (afferent) division

Answer 6

Conducts impulses from receptors to the CNS

Question 7

Motor (efferent) division

Answer 7

Conducts impulses from the CNS to effectors (muscles and glands)

Question 8

Somatic nervous system

Answer 8

Conducts impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles

Question 9

Autonomic nervous system

Answer 9

Conducts impulses from the CNS to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

Question 10

Sympathetic division

Answer 10

Mobilizes body systems during activity

Question 11

Parasympathetic division

Answer 11

Conserves energy promotes house keeping functions during rest

Question 12

Neurons

Answer 12

Located in the brain, they are highly excitable cells that are capable of conducting electrochemical impulses that enable the nervous systems function

Question 13

Describe the limbic system and reticular formation based on functionality

Answer 13

The limbic system interacts with prefrontal lobes, allows us to react emotionally to things we consciously understand to be happening. Reticular activating system sends impulses to cerebral cortex to keep it conscious and alert

Question 14

Describe the makeup of CSF

Answer 14

Composed of watery solution formed from blood plasma, but with less protein and different ion concentrations from plasma

Question 15

Sensory neurons

Answer 15

Detect stimuli, such as heat, light, and pressure. Sends the stimulus to the CNS

Question 16

What is an action potential and how does it occur

Answer 16

An action potential is a change in electrical potential in muscle or nerve cells. It is an increase or decrease in membrane potential of a concentration gradient. It occurs when sodium channels open and ions cross the membrane, making the resulting gradient either more or less permeable

Question 17

What is a resting membrane potential and how is it established

Answer 17

Resting membrane potential is the voltage that exists during the resting state of an excitable cell. It is established when the sodium-potassium ion pump transports two potassium ions inside of the cell and sends three sodium ions outside of the cell

Question 18

What occurs at the synapse

Answer 18

The synapse is the site where neurons are separated via the synaptic cleft. It is where the neurons react to different stimuli

Question 19

Distinguish between excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials

Answer 19

Excitatory - voltage change approaches the threshold making an AP more likely to be depolarized
Inhibitory - voltage change goes away from the threshold, making an AP less likely to be hyperpolarized

Question 20

What are neurotransmitters and how do they function (be able to give some examples)

Answer 20

Neurotransmitters are chemical impulses that causes a transfer of impulses to another nerve fiber. They function in response to a stimulus given off by neurons ex: acetylcholine, dopamine, endorphins

Question 21

Interneurons

Answer 21

Lie within the CNS between motor and sensory neurons, and receives signals from sensory neurons, interprets the signals, then stimulates outgoing motor neurons

Question 22

Motor neurons

Answer 22

Sends signals to muscle and gland cells

Question 23

Step 1 of action potential

Answer 23

Resting state: all gated na+ and k+ channels are closed

Question 24

Step 2

Answer 24

Depolarization: na+ channels are open, allowing their entry

Question 25

Step 3

Answer 25

Repolarization: na+ channels are inactivating. K+ channels open allowing it to exit

Question 26

Step 4

Answer 26

Hyperpolarization: some k+ channels remain open and na+ channels reset