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Geo Test 2 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

A model that describes the movement of water through reservoirs of the earth system

A

The Hydrologic Cycle (Water Cycle)

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2
Q

The study of water

A

Hydrology

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3
Q

Process by which water changes from liquid to vapour

A

Evaporation

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4
Q

Process by which water taken by plants passes into the atmosphere

A

Transpiration

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5
Q

Process of water changing from vapour to liquid/solid

A

Condensation

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6
Q

Water condensed in the atmosphere makes its way back to the surface as rain, snow, or hail

A

Precipitation

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7
Q

Ways that water can move through pathways

A

Evaporation, Transpiration, Condensation, Precipitation

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8
Q

Precipitation that drains over the land or in stream channels

A

Surface Runoff

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9
Q

Process of water working its way into the ground through small openings in the soil

A

Infiltration

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10
Q

What is the largest reservoir in hydrosphere (holds 97.5% of Earth’s water

A

World Ocean

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11
Q

74% of Earth’s fresh water is locked up in

A

Polar Ice Sheets

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12
Q

98.5% of _____ lies underground

A

Unfrozen Freshwater

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13
Q

As reservoir size increases, residence time ___

A

increases

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14
Q

Residence times are several thousand years in what size reservoir

A

Large - Volume (Ice sheets, Ocean)

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15
Q

Residence times are hundreds of years in what size reservoir

A

Groundwater System

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16
Q

In Small reservoirs, ___ in rivers and streams, ___ in atmosphere, ___ living organisms

A

Weeks, Days, Hours

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17
Q

Flowing water takes the shape of thin, broad sheets. Usually during high flow like heavy rain

A

Overland Flow (Sheet Flow)

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18
Q

When Overland flows concentrate into well defined passageways

A

Streamflows

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19
Q

Overland + Streamflow is ____

A

Surface Runoff

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20
Q

Body of water that flows downslope along a clearly defined natural passageway

A

Stream

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21
Q

Clearly defined natural passageway through which a stream flows

A

Channel

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22
Q

Steepness of a channel

A

Gradient

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23
Q

Amount of water passing by a point on a channel bank per unit time

A

Discharge

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24
Q

Suspended and dissolved sediment carried by a stream

A

Load

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25
Q

For a greater load to be carried, the gradient needs to be ___

A

Steep

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26
Q

If discharge increases,. velocity and depth of the channel will ___

A

Increase

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27
Q

When a channel increases width and depth as the water goes the banks and bottom, adds new sediment to the load

A

Scouring

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28
Q

Stream will bend or change when passing over ___ type of rock to ___ type of rock

A

Erosion-Resistant, Easily Eroded

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29
Q

Are channels straight?

A

They can be but not for long

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30
Q

inside of the bend in a stream, water slows down and drops sediment

A

Point Bar

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31
Q

As water goes around the bend, on the outside where water is flowing quicker, what does this create

A

Cutbank

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32
Q

Part of the steam where it empties to another surface water body

A

Mouth

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33
Q

Arise when streams load of sediment changes over time

A

Braided Channels

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34
Q

In a braided channel, if the discharge decreases but the load doesn’t, this forms a __

A

Island

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35
Q

When meandering channels flow fast enough to erode a new, shorter path. Creates an __

A

Oxbow Lake

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36
Q

Form along channel margins, valley floors, mountain fronts or streams mouth

A

Stream Deposits

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37
Q

When a stream rises during flood, water overflows the streams bank and overrun the ___

A

floodplains

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38
Q

As water flows out of the channel, flow slows down and sediment deposits building up a small, low ridge of ___

A

Alluvium

39
Q

Occur when a stream enters into a broad lowland valley and slows down depositing sediment creating a fan looking thing

A

Alluvial Fans

40
Q

Formed when a stream enters a large body of water like an ocean or lake, over time sediment builds up

A

Deltas

41
Q

A small, high-gradient stream that carries water downslope from the headwater region, combining their flow to form a larger stream

A

Tributary

42
Q

Every stream is surrounded by a ___

A

Drainage Basin (Catchment or Watershed)

43
Q

Greater Discharge per year = ___ drainage basin

A

Larger

44
Q

Standing body of water with an open surface

A

Lake

45
Q

Water enter lakes through __, ___, ___

A

Stream, Overland Flow, groundwater

46
Q

Water exits lakes through ___ and sometimes ___

A

Evaporation, Flowing through outlet

47
Q

All Freshwater lakes have outlets (T/F)

A

True

48
Q

All Saline lakes have outlets (T/F)

A

False, some lack outlets and only lose water through precipitation

49
Q

Created by construction of a dam, or wetland is drained to make it more accessible to us humans

A

Reservoir Lake

50
Q

Caused by runoff of sewage or fertilizer into a lake (Occurs naturally in swamp formation)

A

Eutrophication

51
Q

Crystal Faulting, Lava Flow blockage, Landslides all can form __

A

Lakes

52
Q

Glacial Sand and Gravel contain natural pits and hollows from stagnant ice are what type of lake

A

Kettle Lake

53
Q

Lakes last for a long time (T/F)

A

False, lakes are short lived

54
Q

What are 2 ways lakes could disappear

A
  1. Stream outlets gradually get deeper draining lake

2. Inorganic Sediment is carried in, forming a wetland with little to no free space

55
Q

Event where a body of water overflows it’s banks

A

Flood

56
Q

Extra water flowing through a channel during a stream flood contributed by excess precipitation is ___

A

Storm Runoff

57
Q

Records the development of a flood, shows stream discharges as a unit of time

A

Hydrograph

58
Q

Urban construction on compressible sediment, often accompanied by withdrawal of groundwater, increases danger of flooding

A

Subsidence

59
Q

average time between two floods

A

Recurrence Interval

60
Q

What systems are helpful to plan for evacuation or defensive measures

A

Geographic Information System

61
Q

Modifying river channels for flood control

A

Channelization

62
Q

To predict floods, scientists plot frequency of past floods of different sizes on a graph to produce a _____

A

Frequency Graph

63
Q

___ is subsurface water contained in pore spaces in solids

A

Groundwater

64
Q

_____ is transferring water from one drainage basin to another over long distances

A

Interbasin Transfer

65
Q

Groundwater moves ____

A

Slowly

66
Q

The zone above the water table which holds air and moisture

A

Vabose Zone (Zone of Aeration)

67
Q

The top surface of the saturated zone is called the ___

A

Water Table

68
Q

The zone that lies underneath the water table is called the ____

A

Phreatic Zone (Saturated Zone)

69
Q

The water table is ___ beneath hills

A

High

70
Q

____ is the amount of fluid a solid can contain

A

Porosity

71
Q

Joints and Fractures ____ porosity

A

Increase

72
Q

___ is how easy it is for fluids to flow through a solid

A

Permeability

73
Q

The process of groundwater seeping downward and flows under the influence of gravity is called ____

A

Percolation

74
Q

Water flows from ___ water table area to a ___ water table area

A

High, Low

75
Q

Can water in the water table flow upwards? if so, how?

A

Yes, due to pressure built up beneath the water

76
Q

____ is the replenishment of groundwater, occurs when rainfall and snowmelt infiltrate the surface and percolate down to the saturated zone

A

Recharge

77
Q

The process by which subsurface water leaves the saturated zone and becomes surface water is called ____

A

Discharge

78
Q

A(n) ___ is a natural outlet for groundwater that occurs where the water table intersects the land surface

A

Spring

79
Q

A solid that is water saturated, porous and permeable is called an ____

A

Aquifer

80
Q

What ___ aquifer has water that is free to rise to a natural level

A

Unconfined

81
Q

The layer of impermeable rock that lies above an unconfined aquifer is called a(n) ____

A

Aquiclude

82
Q

A ____ is drilled into an aquifer in a high pressure zone from elevation and will have water flow through it or even out of it

A

Artesian Well

83
Q

A ____ can be a natural conduit for an artesian well

A

Fault

84
Q

When water is pumped from a well, a ______ is formed

A

Cone of Depression

85
Q

When lots of water is pumped from a well, what shape does the cone of depression take

A

Very wide and steep

86
Q

____ is when the rate of withdrawal exceeds the rate of recharge and decreases the amount of stored water over time

A

Groundwater mining

87
Q

___ is when mineral gains collapse on each other because the pore water that held them together is gone

A

Compaction

88
Q

___ are formed when circulating groundwater at or below the water table dissolves carbonated rock

A

Caves

89
Q

____ hang from the ceiling in caves

A

Stalactites

90
Q

___ project up from the ground in caves

A

Stalagmites

91
Q

In saturated zone below the water table, water movement is generally ____ creating tubular passageways

A

Horizontal

92
Q

___ are a cavity that is open upwards to the sky

A

Sinkholes

93
Q

____ is a complex landscape characterized by many small closed basins, sinkholes, cave openings, and disrupted drainage patterns

A

Karst Topography

Geo Test 2 (4 decks)

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