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Psychology test 4 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

Three personality components

A

Id, ego and superego

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2
Q

Definition of id (personality component)

A

At birth, inherited and fully unconscious; pleasure principle (pleasure, gratification and avoids pain)

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3
Q

Definition of ego (personality component)

A
  • Rational and largely conscious
  • Reality principle (satisfy w/o violating moral values)
  • Uses defense mechanisms
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4
Q

Definition of superego (personality component)

A

Unconscious memories of behaviours that have been either punished (conscience) or rewarded (ego ideal)

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5
Q

Repression (Types of Defense Mechanism)

A

Blocking unpleasant thoughts

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6
Q

Psychosexual Stages

A

Erogenous zone become centre of new pleasures and conflicts

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7
Q

Carl Jung (the Neo-Freudians)

A

1875-1961

  • Middle age=important period for personality development
  • Personality= personal unconscious, and collective unconscious
  • Collective unconscious contains archetypes (inherited tendencies to respond in particular ways to universal human experiences)
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8
Q

Alfred Adler (the Neo-Freudians)

A

1870-1937

  • People are motivated by the conscious, influenced by future goals, need to compensate for superiority or significance
  • People develop a style of life; However, inferiority feelings may prevent personal development causing an inferiority complex
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9
Q

Karen Horney (the Neo-Freudians)

A

1885-1952

  • Culture and environment have a large effect of females’ traits and can create a neurotic personality
  • -Basic Anxiety: feeling of being isolated and helpless in a potentially hostile world
  • -Tyranny of the should: unrealistic demand for personal perfection that is unattainable
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10
Q

Gordon Allport (Trait Theory)

A

1897-1967
Each person may have
-One cardinal trait: influences almost everything a person does
-Few central traits: typical for a specific person
-Many secondary traits (preferences): music, food and attitude

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11
Q

Raymond Cattel (Trait Theory)

A

1905-1998
Personality is a pattern of two types of traits:
-Surface traits: observable qualities of personality
-Source traits: determine surface traits, make up the most basic personality structure, and cause behaviour

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12
Q

Hans Eysenck (Trait Theory)

A

1916-1997
Two of three traits:
-Extraversion (outgoing, sociable) VS. Introversion (shy, quiet)
-Emotional stability VS. Instability (neuroticism)

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13
Q

Five-Factor Model

A

-Openness to experience -Conscientiousness
-Extraversion
-Agreeableness
-Neuroticism
(OCEAN) are critical traits

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14
Q

B. F. Skinner (Learning Theories and Personality)

A

1904-1990

  • Personality=collection of learned behaviours that have been reinforced
  • Causes of behaviour are outside a person in the environment
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15
Q

Albert Bandura (Learning Theories and Personality)

A

1925-present

  • Person’s behaviour, personal/cognitive factors and environment influence each other and are influence by each other, producing Reciprocal Determinism
  • Self-Efficacy: belief in one’s ability to perform competently
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16
Q

Julian Rotter (Learning Theories and Personality)

A

1916-present
-Locus of control: general expectations either that one’s actions are under one’s own control (internal) or that they are due to chance, luck or fate (external)

17
Q

Abraham Maslow (Humanistic Personality Theory)

A

1908-1970

  • Motivational factors are at the root of personality
  • Humans are motivated by the need for self-actualization (to develop one’s fullest potential)
18
Q

Carl Rogers (Humanistic Personality Theory)

A

1902-1987

  • Conditions of Worth: occur when other people provide conditional positive regard
  • People need unconditional positive regard (unqualified caring and non-judgmental acceptance by others) in order to bring them back in tune with their true self
19
Q

Personality- Behavioural Genetic

A

BG: investigates the relative effects of heredity and environment on behaviour and ability
-Twin studies: suggests that heredity may explain 40% to 50% of the variation in personality characteristic, with environmental factors such as social influences, parenting, and education predicting the rest

20
Q

Personality Assessments

A

-Measure an individual’s unique and stable pattern of characteristics

21
Q

Observation, Interviews and Rating Scales (Personality Assessment)

A
  • Used to measure personality

- Biased by halo effect (observer’s or rater’s overall evaluation is excessively influenced by one or a few traits

22
Q

Personality Inventors (Personality Assessment)

A
  • Objective questionnaires that require written responses to statements that measure personality
  • MMPI-2: a 567-item test used to diagnose psychiatric disorders
23
Q

Projective Tests (Personality Assessment)

A
  • Asks people to interpret ambiguous stimuli
  • People are expected to project their own inner thoughts, feeling, fears, or conflicts onto the test materials
  • -Rorschach Inkblot Test: 10 ambiguous inkblots
  • -Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): 19 ambiguous drawings of humans
24
Q

Denial (Types of Defense Mechanism)

A

Refusing to consciously acknowledge the existence of a threatening condition

25
Q

Rationalization (Types of Defense Mechanism)

A

Logical, rational, or socially acceptable reason in place of real reason

26
Q

Regression (Types of Defense Mechanism)

A

Reverting to behaviour that might have reduced anxiety at an earlier age

27
Q

Reaction Formation (Types of Defense Mechanism)

A

Expressing opposite of one’s true feelings

28
Q

Displacement (Types of Defense Mechanism)

A

Substituting a less threatening object for the original object

29
Q

Projection (Types of Defense Mechanism)

A

Attributing one’s own undesirable thoughts to others

30
Q

Sublimation (Types of Defense Mechanism)

A

Redirecting sexual or aggressive energy to activity or accomplishment that society considers acceptable or praiseworthy

31
Q

Oral Stage (Psychosexual Stages)

A
  • Birth to 1 year or 18 months

- Pleasure=stimulation of the mouth

32
Q

Anal Stage (Psychosexual Stages)

A
  • 12 or 18 months to 3 years

- Pleasure=expelling and withholding feces

33
Q

Phallic Stage (Psychosexual Stages)

A
  • 3 to 5 or 6 years
  • Pleasure=mainly from genitals
  • Oedipus Complex: child’s sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent and hostility toward the same-sex parent
34
Q

Latency Period (Psychosexual Stages)

A
  • 5 or 6 years to puberty

- Sexual instinct is largely repressed and temporarily sublimated in school and play activities

35
Q

Genital Stage (Psychosexual Stages)

A
  • Puberty onward

- Focus on sexual energy shifts to the opposite sex peers with whom a person establishes mature sexual relationships

Psychology test 4 (2 decks)

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