Chapter 11 Flashcards
Three personality components
Id, ego and superego
Definition of id (personality component)
At birth, inherited and fully unconscious; pleasure principle (pleasure, gratification and avoids pain)
Definition of ego (personality component)
- Rational and largely conscious
- Reality principle (satisfy w/o violating moral values)
- Uses defense mechanisms
Definition of superego (personality component)
Unconscious memories of behaviours that have been either punished (conscience) or rewarded (ego ideal)
Repression (Types of Defense Mechanism)
Blocking unpleasant thoughts
Psychosexual Stages
Erogenous zone become centre of new pleasures and conflicts
Carl Jung (the Neo-Freudians)
1875-1961
- Middle age=important period for personality development
- Personality= personal unconscious, and collective unconscious
- Collective unconscious contains archetypes (inherited tendencies to respond in particular ways to universal human experiences)
Alfred Adler (the Neo-Freudians)
1870-1937
- People are motivated by the conscious, influenced by future goals, need to compensate for superiority or significance
- People develop a style of life; However, inferiority feelings may prevent personal development causing an inferiority complex
Karen Horney (the Neo-Freudians)
1885-1952
- Culture and environment have a large effect of females’ traits and can create a neurotic personality
- -Basic Anxiety: feeling of being isolated and helpless in a potentially hostile world
- -Tyranny of the should: unrealistic demand for personal perfection that is unattainable
Gordon Allport (Trait Theory)
1897-1967
Each person may have
-One cardinal trait: influences almost everything a person does
-Few central traits: typical for a specific person
-Many secondary traits (preferences): music, food and attitude
Raymond Cattel (Trait Theory)
1905-1998
Personality is a pattern of two types of traits:
-Surface traits: observable qualities of personality
-Source traits: determine surface traits, make up the most basic personality structure, and cause behaviour
Hans Eysenck (Trait Theory)
1916-1997
Two of three traits:
-Extraversion (outgoing, sociable) VS. Introversion (shy, quiet)
-Emotional stability VS. Instability (neuroticism)
Five-Factor Model
-Openness to experience -Conscientiousness
-Extraversion
-Agreeableness
-Neuroticism
(OCEAN) are critical traits
B. F. Skinner (Learning Theories and Personality)
1904-1990
- Personality=collection of learned behaviours that have been reinforced
- Causes of behaviour are outside a person in the environment
Albert Bandura (Learning Theories and Personality)
1925-present
- Person’s behaviour, personal/cognitive factors and environment influence each other and are influence by each other, producing Reciprocal Determinism
- Self-Efficacy: belief in one’s ability to perform competently
Julian Rotter (Learning Theories and Personality)
1916-present
-Locus of control: general expectations either that one’s actions are under one’s own control (internal) or that they are due to chance, luck or fate (external)
Abraham Maslow (Humanistic Personality Theory)
1908-1970
- Motivational factors are at the root of personality
- Humans are motivated by the need for self-actualization (to develop one’s fullest potential)
Carl Rogers (Humanistic Personality Theory)
1902-1987
- Conditions of Worth: occur when other people provide conditional positive regard
- People need unconditional positive regard (unqualified caring and non-judgmental acceptance by others) in order to bring them back in tune with their true self
Personality- Behavioural Genetic
BG: investigates the relative effects of heredity and environment on behaviour and ability
-Twin studies: suggests that heredity may explain 40% to 50% of the variation in personality characteristic, with environmental factors such as social influences, parenting, and education predicting the rest
Personality Assessments
-Measure an individual’s unique and stable pattern of characteristics
Observation, Interviews and Rating Scales (Personality Assessment)
- Used to measure personality
- Biased by halo effect (observer’s or rater’s overall evaluation is excessively influenced by one or a few traits
Personality Inventors (Personality Assessment)
- Objective questionnaires that require written responses to statements that measure personality
- MMPI-2: a 567-item test used to diagnose psychiatric disorders
Projective Tests (Personality Assessment)
- Asks people to interpret ambiguous stimuli
- People are expected to project their own inner thoughts, feeling, fears, or conflicts onto the test materials
- -Rorschach Inkblot Test: 10 ambiguous inkblots
- -Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): 19 ambiguous drawings of humans
Denial (Types of Defense Mechanism)
Refusing to consciously acknowledge the existence of a threatening condition
Rationalization (Types of Defense Mechanism)
Logical, rational, or socially acceptable reason in place of real reason
Regression (Types of Defense Mechanism)
Reverting to behaviour that might have reduced anxiety at an earlier age
Reaction Formation (Types of Defense Mechanism)
Expressing opposite of one’s true feelings
Displacement (Types of Defense Mechanism)
Substituting a less threatening object for the original object
Projection (Types of Defense Mechanism)
Attributing one’s own undesirable thoughts to others
Sublimation (Types of Defense Mechanism)
Redirecting sexual or aggressive energy to activity or accomplishment that society considers acceptable or praiseworthy
Oral Stage (Psychosexual Stages)
- Birth to 1 year or 18 months
- Pleasure=stimulation of the mouth
Anal Stage (Psychosexual Stages)
- 12 or 18 months to 3 years
- Pleasure=expelling and withholding feces
Phallic Stage (Psychosexual Stages)
- 3 to 5 or 6 years
- Pleasure=mainly from genitals
- Oedipus Complex: child’s sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent and hostility toward the same-sex parent
Latency Period (Psychosexual Stages)
- 5 or 6 years to puberty
- Sexual instinct is largely repressed and temporarily sublimated in school and play activities
Genital Stage (Psychosexual Stages)
- Puberty onward
- Focus on sexual energy shifts to the opposite sex peers with whom a person establishes mature sexual relationships
