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module 3 psych > chapter 11 > Flashcards

chapter 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

Sexual dysfunctions

A

• Marked by persistent inability to function normally in some area of
the sexual response cycle
• Affect as many as 30 percent of men and 45 percent of women in the United States

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2
Q

• Human sexual response cycle consists of four phases

A
  • Desire
  • Excitement
  • Orgasm
  • Resolution

• Disorder of sexual desires affect one or more of the first three phases

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3
Q

Disorders of desire

definition and the dysfunctions for male and female

A
  • Desire phase of the sexual response cycle
  • Urge to have sex, sexual fantasies, and sexual attraction to others
  • Two dysfunctions affect this phase
  • Male hypoactive sexual desire disorder
  • Female sexual interest/arousal disorder
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4
Q
  • Checklist

* Male hypoactive sexual desire disorder

A
  • For at least 6 months, individual repeatedly experiences few or no sexual thoughts, fantasies, or desires
  • Individual experiences significant distress about this condition
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5
Q

• Female sexual interest/arousal disorder checklist

A
  • For at least 6 months, individual usually displays reduced or no sexual interest and arousal
  • Characterized by the reduction or absence of at least three of the following:
  • Sexual interest
  • Sexual thoughts or fantasies
  • Sexual initiation or receptiveness
  • Excitement or pleasure during sex
  • Responsiveness to sexual cue
  • Genital or nongenital sensations during sex
  • Individual experiences significant distress
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6
Q 
• Biological causes of low sexual desire
hormone levels
prolactin
testosterone
estrogen

neurotransmiter activity is

A
  • Abnormal hormonal levels
  • Prolactin:Highlevel
  • Testosterone:Lowlevel
  • Estrogen: High or low level
  • Excessive neurotransmitter activity
  • Serotonin
  • Dopamine
  • Pain medications, psychotropic medications, and illegal drugs • Long-term illness
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7
Q

• Psychological causes of low sexual desire

A
  • General increase in anxiety, depression, or anger
  • Particular attitudes, fears, or memories
  • Certain psychological disorders
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8
Q

• Sociocultural causes of low sexual desire

A
  • Situational pressures
  • Unhappy or problematic relationship
  • Differences in skills as lover or need for closeness
  • Cultural standards
  • Sexual molestation or assault trauma
  • Certain psychological disorders
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9
Q

• Disorders of excitement

what occurs in men and women and the disorders

A
  • Excitement phase of the sexual response cycle is marked by changes in the pelvic region, general physical arousal, and increases in heart rate, muscle tension, blood pressure, and rate of breathing
  • In men: Erection of the penis
  • In women: Swelling of the clitoris and labia and vaginal lubrication
  • Two dysfunctions affect this phase
  • Female sexual arousal disorder(formerly“frigidity”)
  • Male erectile disorder(formerly“impotence”)
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10
Q

• Disorders of orgasm

A
  • The orgasm phase of the sexual response cycle occurs when the person’s sexual pleasure peaks and sexual tension is released as the pelvic region contracts rhythmically
  • Dysfunctions of this phase
  • Premature ejaculation
  • Delayed ejaculation
  • Female orgasmic disorder
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11
Q 
• Checklist
• Premature ejaculation
Impacted by 
biological theories
overactive underactive
greater
A
  • For at least 6 months, individual usually ejaculates within 1 minute of beginning sex with a partner, and earlier than he wants to
  • Individual experiences significant distress
  • Impacted by youth, inexperience, and infrequent sex
  • Biological theories
  • Genetic predisposition
  • Overactive and underactive serotonin receptors
  • Greater penis sensitivity
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12
Q 
• Checklist
• Delayed ejaculation
impacted by low
neurological
psychological theories
A
  • For at least 6 months, individual usually displays a significant delay, infrequency, or absence of ejaculation during sexual activity with a partner
  • Individual experiences significant distress

•
May affect men of any age; 10 percent worldwide
Impacted by low testosterone level, certain neurological diseases, and head or spinal cord injuries
Psychological theories
• Performance anxiety and the spectator role
• Masturbation habits
• Hypoactive sexual desire disorder

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13
Q 
• Checklist
• Female orgasmic disorder
biological causes
psychological causes
sociocultural causes
A
  • For at least 6 months, individual usually displays a significant delay, infrequency, or absence of orgasm, and/or is unable to achieve past orgasmic intensity
  • Individual experiences significant distress
  • Prevalence
  • Affects 21 percent of women to some degree
  • 10 percent or more have never had orgasm; 9 percent rarely have orgasm
  • Biological causes
  • Diabetes, multiple sclerosis, other neurological diseases
  • Drugs and medications
  • Menopausal changes
  • Psychological causes
  • Depression
  • Childhood trauma and relationships
  • Sociocultural causes
  • Society’s sexual restrictive role of women
  • First intercourse experience
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14
Q

• Disorders of sexual pain
and causes
dyspareunia

A
  • Genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorders
  • Dysfunctions that do not fit into a specific phase of the sexual response cycle and are characterized by enormous physical discomfort during intercourse
  • Include vaginismus-outer third of vagina contract involuntary and pelvic floor hypertonus
  • Causes
  • Learned fear: Cognitive-behavioral
  • Infection, disease, menopause
  • Dyspareunia: Physical cause-injury during birth
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15
Q
  • Checklist

* Genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder

A
  • For at least 6 months, individual repeatedly experiences at least one of the following problems:
  • Difficulty having vaginal penetration during intercourse
  • Significant vaginal or pelvic pain when trying to have intercourse or penetration
  • Significant fear that vaginal penetration will cause vaginal or pelvic pain
  • Significant tensing of the pelvic muscles during vaginal penetration • Individual experiences significant distress
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16
Q

• General features of sex therapy

A

• Modern sex therapy is short-term and instructive; typically lasts 15 to
20 sessions
• Modern sex therapy foci
• Assessment and conceptualization of the problem
• Mutual responsibility
• Education about sexuality
• Emotion identification
• Attitude change
• Elimination of performance anxiety and the spectator role
• Increasing sexual and general communication skills
• Changing destructive lifestyles and marital interactions
• Addressing physical and medical factors

17
Q

• Current trends in sex therapy

A

• Sex therapists have moved beyond Masters and Johnson’s
first approach
• An integrated approach to sexual dysfunction
• Approach is used with a wide variety of clients
• Treatment of clients with excessive sexuality (persistent sexuality disorder, hypersexuality, or sexual addiction)
• Concern about increased use of drugs and medical interventions

18
Q

• Paraphilic disorders

A

• Characterized by intense sexual urges, fantasies, or behaviors
involving objects or situations outside the usual sexual norms
• May involve multiple paraphilia displays
• Relatively few people receive a formal diagnosis, but clinicians suspect patterns may be quite common

19
Q
  • Checklist

* Paraphilic disorder

A
  • For at least 6 months, individual experiences recurrent and intense sexually arousing fantasies, urges, or behaviors involving objects or situations outside the usual sexual norms (nonhuman objects; nongenital body parts; the suffering or humiliation of oneself or one’s partner; or children or other nonconsenting persons)
  • Individual experiences significant distress or impairment over the fantasies, urges, or behaviors
  • In some paraphilic disorders—pedophilic disorder, exhibitionistic disorder, voyeuristic disorder, frotteuristic disorder, and sexual sadism disorder—the performance of the paraphilic behaviors indicates a disorder, even in the absence of distress or impairment
20
Q

•paraphilia disorders Explanations and research

definitions of disorder strongly influenced by the

A

• Although theorists have proposed various explanations for
paraphilias, there is little formal evidence to support them
• Definitions of these disorders are strongly influenced by the norms of the particular society in which they occur

21
Q

Paraphilic Disorders • Treatments

A

• No treatments have received much research or been proven
clearly effective
• Psychological and sociocultural treatments have been available for the longest period of time, but today’s professionals are also using biological interventions.

22
Q

•Paraphilic Disorders Fetishistic disorder
key features and theories
psychodynamic
behaviorist

A
  • Key features
  • Recurrent intense sexual urges or fantasies involving use of a nonliving object or nongenital body part
  • Theories
  • Psychodynamic: Defense mechanism to avoid sexual contact anxiety
  • Behaviorist:Learning through classical conditioning
  • Cognitive-behavioral treatment
  • Aversion therapy, covert sensitization, imagined aversive stimulation, masturbatory satiation
23
Q

• Parphilic Disorder Transvestic disorder (transvestism, cross- dressing)
typically
does not involve
cognitive behaviorist

A
  • Fantasies, urges, or behaviors involving dressing in clothes of the opposite sex to achieve sexual arousal
  • Typically heterosexual male who began cross-dressing in childhood or adolescence
  • Does not involve transgender feelings or behaviors
  • Cognitive behaviorist theory: Learning through classical conditioning in early life
24
Q

• Paraphilic Disorder Exhibitionistic disorder
sexual contact is
usually begins before age
theories about cause:

A

• Characterized by arousal from the exposure of genitals in a
public setting
• Sexual contact is rarely initiated or desired
• Usually begins before age 18 and is most common in males
• Theories about cause: Immaturity in interpersonal and sexual relationships, fears about masculinity, possessive mother
• Treatment: Aversion therapy, masturbatory satiation, social skills training, insight therapy

25
Q 
paraphilia Disorders
• Voyeuristic disorder
may include
risk of discovery often
psychodynamic
cognitive behaviorist
A
  • Characterized by repeated and intense sexual urges to observe people as they undress or to spy on couples having intercourse
  • May include masturbation
  • Risk of discovery often adds to the excitement
  • Theories
  • Psychodynamic: Feelings of inadequacy or shyness drive the search for power
  • Cognitive-behaviorist: Learned behavior traced to a chance and secret observation of a sexually arousing scene
26
Q 
Paraphilic Disorders
• Frotteuristic disorder
-almost always \_\_\_\_ and fantasizes that he is 
usually begins in 
act generally
A
  • Characterized by recurrent and intense fantasies, urges, or behaviors involving touching and rubbing against a nonconsenting person
  • Almost always male, the person fantasizes during the act that he is having a caring relationship with the victim
  • Usually begins in the teen years or earlier
  • Acts generally decrease and may disappear after age 25
27
Q 
Paraphilic Disorders
• Pedophilic disorder
-classic type
-hebephilic type
-pedohebephilic type
may also include
A
  • Characterized by fantasies, urges, or behaviors involving sexual activity with a child
  • Prepubescent children(classic type)
  • Early pubescent children (hebephilic type)
  • Both (pedohebephilic type)
  • May also include child pornography
  • Evidence suggests two-thirds of victims are girls
28
Q 
Pedophilic disorder
• Pedophilic disorder emerges during
Some people with this disorder were
most are 
most people are
A

adolescence
• Some people with this disorder were sexually abused as children
• Most are immature, display distorted thinking, and have an additional psychological disorder
• Most people are imprisoned or forced into treatment if caught
• Treatments
• Aversion therapy, masturbatory satiation, and antiandrogen drugs
• Cognitive-behavioral treatment involves relapse-prevention training, modeled after programs used for substance dependence

29
Q 
Parphilic Disorders • Sexual masochism disorder
asphyxia
hypoxyphilia
causes:
most fantasies begin in
may develop through
A
  • Characterized by fantasies, urges, or behaviors involving the act or the thought of being humiliated, beaten, bound, or otherwise made to suffer
  • May include hypoxyphilia-strangle or smother and autoerotic asphyxia -fatal lack of oxygen, hanging
  • Causes
  • Most fantasies begin in childhood
  • May develop through the behavioral process of classical conditioning
30
Q

paraphilia Disorders• Sexual sadism disorder
appears in and usually
cognitive-behavioral
psychodynamic

A
  • Characterized by repeated, intense sexual arousal from fantasies, urges, or behaviors involving thought or act of psychological or physical suffering of a victim
  • Appears in childhood or adolescence; usually affects males • Theories
  • Cognitive-behavioral: Classical conditioning and modeling(via Internet sex sites, sexual videos, magazines, and books)
  • Cognitive behavioral and psychodynamic: Sense of sexual inadequacy drives need to inflict pain
  • Biological: Brain and hormonal abnormalities • Treatment
  • Aversion therapy, relapse-prevention training
31
Q

Gender Variations

DSM5 definition of gender dysphoria

A

• Gender variations
• Most people have an identity consistent with their assigned
gender (birth anatomy)
• Transgender individuals
• Gender identity differs from assigned gender • Affects 25 million people worldwide
• DSM-5 definition of gender dysphoria • Extreme incongruence and impairment
• Controversial

32
Q

• Explanations of transgender functioning
medical and psychological theories
-discrimination

A
  • Medical and psychological theorists
  • Biological brain studies reveal some similarities in transgender individuals and their nontransgender counterparts in areas affecting gender functioning and consciousness
  • Options
  • Hormone administration
  • Gender reassignment surgery
  • Discrimination: Society’s reaction
  • 80 to 90 percent of transgender people have been harassed or attacked
  • 50 percent have been fired from a job, not hired, or not promoted
  • 20 percent have been denied a place to live
33
Q

• Treatment of gender dysphoria

A
  • Psychotherapy: Build awareness of needs and feelings; reduce anxiety, depression, and anger; improve self-image; develop coping skills
  • Biological: Gender-change procedures, hormone therapy
  • Cognitive-behavioral: Transgender education programs, support programs
34
Q

• Checklist: Gender dysphoria

A
  • For 6 months or more, an individual’s gender-related feelings and/or behaviors are at odds with those of his or her assigned gender, as indicated by two or more of the following symptoms:
  • Gender-related feelings and/or behaviors clearly contradict the individual’s primary or secondary sex characteristics
  • Powerful wish to eliminate one’s sex characteristics
  • Yearning for the sex characteristics of another gender
  • Powerful wish to be a member of another gender
  • Yearning to be treated as a member of another gender
  • Firm belief that one’s feelings and reactions are those that characterize another gender
  • Individual experiences significant distress or impairment

module 3 psych (3 decks)

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