Chapter 10 Vocabulary

Question 1

heredity

Answer 1

transmission of traits from one generation to another

Question 2

variation

Answer 2

demonstrated by difference in appearance that offspring show from parents and siblings

Question 3

genetics

Answer 3

scientific study of heredity and variation

Question 4

genes

Answer 4

units of heredity made up of DNA

Question 5

gametes

Answer 5

sex cells (sperm, egg, pollen)

Question 6

locus

Answer 6

gene location on a certain chromosome

Question 7

asexual reproduction

Answer 7

single individual passes genes to offspring without fusion of gametes (produces clones)

Question 8

sexual reproduction

Answer 8

two parents make offspring with unique combinations of genes (requires fusion of gametes)

Question 9

somatic cells

Answer 9

non-sex cells

Question 10

karyotyoe

Answer 10

ordered display of chromosomes from a cell

Question 11

homolog

Answer 11

homologous chromosomes with same length shape, and carrying genes controlling the same characteristics

Question 12

sex chromosomes

Answer 12

determine sex of individual (XX = female, XY = male)

Question 13

autosomes

Answer 13

non-sex chromosomes (22 pairs)

Question 14

diploid cell

Answer 14

cell with two sets of chromosomes (2n, in humans = 46)

Question 15

haploid cell

Answer 15

cell with one set of chromosomes (gametes) (n, 23 in humans)

Question 16

ovum

Answer 16

unfertilized egg

Question 17

fertilization

Answer 17

union of gametes

Question 18

zygote

Answer 18

fertilized egg

Question 19

meiosis

Answer 19

cell division producing four HAPLOID daughter cells, in animals: producing sperm and eggs, in plants: producing pollen and spores

Question 20

sporophyte

Answer 20

diploid organism that makes haploid spores by meiosis

Question 21

gametophyte

Answer 21

an organism that uses spores to grow through mitosis into a haploid organism, example of alternation of generations

Question 22

sister chromatid cohesion

Answer 22

sister chromatids closely associated along all lengths

Question 23

crossing over

Answer 23

non-sister chromatids exchange DNA segments

Question 24

chiasmata

Answer 24

X-shaped regions of homlogs

Question 25

kinetochore

Answer 25

protein complex associated with centromere of chromosomes where microtubules attach

Question 26

cytokinesis

Answer 26

active cell splitting

Question 27

recombination

Answer 27

a process by which pieces of DNA are broken and recombined to produce new combinations of alleles

Question 28

synapsis

Answer 28

two members of homologous pair of chromosomes associate along their length, allele by allele (happens during Prophase I)

Question 29

synaptonemal complex

Answer 29

zipper-like structure formed during synapsis of Prophase I

Question 30

mutation

Answer 30

changes in DNA

Question 31

independent assortment

Answer 31

each pair of chromosomes sorts maternal and paternal homologs into daughter cells, separate from other pairs