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EAS 100 > Chapter 10 - The World Ocean > Flashcards

Chapter 10 - The World Ocean Flashcards

1
Q

What are waves that move through water deeper than one half their wavelength known as?

a. Shallow water waves
b. deepwater waves
c. transitional waves
d. big waves

A

b. Deepwater race

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2
Q

Dense, cold, saline North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) originates at several sites near the surface of the South Atlantic.

true or false

A

False

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3
Q

What is the general order of events for the evolution of an island to atoll?

a. subsidence and upward reef growth Emmy: rapid extrusion of lava; continued subsidence (fringing reef becomes barrier reef)
b. subsidence (fringing reef becomes barrier reef); continued its subsidence and upward reef growth; rapid extrusion of lava
c. substance and upward reef growth; continued subsidence (fringing reef becomes barrier reef); rapid extrusion of lava
d. rapid extrusion of lava; subsidence (fringing reef becomes barrier reef); continued subsidence and upward reef growth

A

d. rapid extrusion of lava; subsidence (fringing reef becomes barrier reef); continued subsidence and upward reef growth

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4
Q

A draft bottle is tossed into the ocean off the coast of Peru. Three years later the bottle is recovered on a beach in Northern California. describe the most likely path of the bottle from Peru to California, assuming it to have been transported solely by the ocean surface currents.

A

Peru current; South equatorial current; North equatorial current; Kuroshio Current; North Pacific current; California current

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5
Q

Surface ocean waves receive their energy from winds that blow across the water surface

true or false

A

True

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6
Q

Where are the highest ocean surface salinities found?

A

In areas where evaporation is greater than precipitation

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7
Q

What is the rising of cold water from deeper layers (to replace warmer surface water) known as?

A

Upwelling

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8
Q

What would a ship feel if a tsunami passed beneath it in the open ocean?

A

Nothing

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9
Q

The Coriolis effect causes all moving bodies to be deflected to the right in the southern hemisphere and to the left in the northern hemisphere

true or false

A

False

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10
Q

What are currents within the surface on the follow parallel to the shore known as?

A

Longshore currents

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11
Q

Estuaries occur where fresh and salt water mix in the coastal environment

true or false

A

True

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12
Q

Plants and animals living in the uppermost water of the ocean occupy which zone?

A

The pelagic zone

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13
Q

El Niño occurs every few years on the tradewinds and their associated currents weaken or even reverse

true or false

A

True

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14
Q

Tsunami is a waterway that is generated by strong winds

true or false

A

False

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15
Q

Deep ocean circulation is driving by variations in water temperature and salinity. What is this called?

A

Thermohaline circulation

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16
Q

About how long has earth had liquid water on a surface?

A

4 billion years

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17
Q

One of the most important contributions of the ocean to the Earth system is its moderating influence on climate

true or false

A

True

18
Q

where is the lowest ocean surface salinity found?

A

In areas where there is a lot of sea ice melt

19
Q

What causes a wave approaching the beach at an angle to break parallel to the beach?

A

Refraction

20
Q

Explain the differences in winter temperatures at the same latitudes along the Atlantic boundaries of England and Canada

A

England receives cold air from the north in Canada receives warm air from the sales according to the north Atlantic gyre

21
Q

How much of Earth’s surface is a covered by seawater?

A

70.8%

22
Q

Most of the water is contained in three interconnected basins, what are they?

A

Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian oceans

23
Q

What is the greatest ocean depth?

A

The greatest ocean depths is Mariana trench reaching nearly 11,000 m

24
Q

How long has earth had liquid water on its surface?

A

4 billion years

25
Q

How old is the ocean?

A

4.4 billion years old

26
Q

What is the theory on where water came from?

A

While uncertain, there are two theories:

carbonaceous chondrites: contain water as hydrous minerals, suggesting some water originated from accretion and volcanic steam

Icy comets: bombarded early earth, bringing with them frozen water

27
Q

Salinity of ocean water is related to latitude, but also:

A
  • Evaporation
  • precipitation of rain and snow
  • in flow of fresh river water
  • freezing of sea ice
28
Q

The ocean has three major depth zones, what are they?

A

Surface zone: 100 to 500 m

Thermocline, Halocline, or Pynocline

Deep Zone: contains 80% of ocean water

29
Q

Which zone do plants and animals live in?

A

Plants and animals living in the uppermost water occupy the pelagic zone.

Benthonic organisms live on or within the bottom sediment

30
Q

Define surface ocean currents

A

Broad, slow drifts of surface water caused by friction between the ocean and air flowing over it

  • 50 to 100 m deep
  • solar radiation provides heat energy, nonuniform heating generates winds, which drive the movement of surface ocean water
31
Q

Ocean current directionIs influenced by ____ ___________ ______

A

The Coriolis force

32
Q

What is the NADW?

A

North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) originates at the surface of the North Atlantic, flows downward and spread southward to the South Atlantic.

Flowing beneath this is the colder, denser and Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW)

the sinking of dense, cold, saline surface water propels a global thermohaline circulation system.

33
Q

Where to surface waves receive their energy from?

A

wind

34
Q

What is the size of a wave determined by?

A

Windspeed, duration, and fetch (distance)

35
Q

What are important dimensions of waves?

A

The height (from crest to trough)

and wavelength (from crest to crest or crest to trough)

36
Q

what is a tsunami?

A

A seismic sea wave generated by sudden movements on the seafloor such as:

an earthquake

submarine or coastal landslide

large volcanic eruption

37
Q

Five characteristics of a tsunami

A
  1. Travels at speeds up to 950 km/h
  2. wavelengths measured in kilometres
  3. height is only 1 to 2 m
  4. periodicity can be 20 min to 1 hr
  5. as the crest moves on shore, water can pile up rapidly to a height of 30 m and travel great distances inland, as the trough moves on shore, it causes drawdown
38
Q

What are ocean tides?

A

Rhythmic, twice-daily rise and fall of ocean water along coastlines that are caused by gravitational attraction between the earth and the moon, and to a lesser extent, the sun

39
Q

What is submergence?

A

The rise of water level relative to the land

40
Q

What is emergence?

A

A lowering of water level relative to the land

41
Q

What are cycles of emergence and submergence related to

A

Cycles of emergence and submergence are related to the buildup and decay of vast Ice Age glaciers systems

42
Q
A

EAS 100 (7 decks)

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