Chapter 10 Test

Question 1

Who identified how many agricultural regions and when?

Answer 1

In 1936 Derwent Whittlesey identified 11 main agricultural regions

Question 2

How many agricultural regions are important to LDCs/ developing countries and how many are important to MDCs/ developed countries?

Answer 2

5 are important to developing countries and 6 are important in developed countries

Question 3

What are the 5 types agriculture in LDCs/ developing countries?

Answer 3

Shifting cultivation, pastoral nomadism, intensive subsistence farming (wet rice dominant), intensive subsistence (crops other than wet rice), and plantation farming

Question 4

Describe shifting cultivation

Answer 4

It’s also called “slash and burn” and land is cleared/swidden every 2 years before they move to another field. It’s practiced on the largest percentage of land worldwide. Ownership is often communal.

Question 5

What type of agriculture is often communal?

Answer 5

Shifting cultivation / slash and burn

Question 6

What type of agriculture is practiced on the largest percentage of land worldwide?

Answer 6

Shifting cultivation/ slash and burn

Question 7

What are the negative effects of shifting cultivation?

Answer 7

Deforestation, pollution, and loss of biodiversity due to the fact that land has to be cleared every 2-3 years.

Question 8

What factors determine what is produced, where it’s produced, and who produces it?

Answer 8

Climate, culture, economics (MDCs and LDCs), and political situation

Question 9

What is pastoral nomadism and what is a specific type?

Answer 9

Pastoral nomadism is the herding of domesticated animals and is mostly in the middle east / north africa.Transhumance is a type of pastoral nomadism that involves seasonal migration.

Question 10

Why is pastoral nomadism dying out?

Answer 10

It’s dying out due to technology, urbanism, and government pressures

Question 11

What are some negative effects of pastoral nomadism?

Answer 11

Territorial disputes, competition for resources, and desertification due to overgrazing and human activity

Question 12

Where is shifting cultivation typically practiced?

Answer 12

It’s practiced in the rainforests of south america, africa, and southeast asia

Question 13

What is intensive subsistence farming (wet rice dominant)?

Answer 13

It’s the intensive use of a small area of farmland. It often uses double cropping, where 2 crops are grown in 1 year on the same plot of land.

Question 14

Where is intensive subsistence (wet rice) farming typically practiced?

Answer 14

It’s common in south and southeast asia and is common in densely populated areas. It’s practiced by the biggest number of people worldwide.

Question 15

What type of farming is practiced by the largest number of people in the world?

Answer 15

Intensive subsistence (wet rice dominant)

Question 16

What is intensive subsistence (wet rice not dominant) farming and what is a drawback?

Answer 16

It’s the farming of crops (usually wheat and barley) that involves crop rotation. There typically isn’t enough precipitation in the summer/ winter - too harsh [of a climate].

Question 17

Where is intensive subsistence (wet rice not dominant) farming typically practiced?

Answer 17

Central India and Northeastern China

Question 18

What are some negative effects of intensive subsistence farming?

Answer 18

It’s intensive so there’s a significant impact on humans and the environment. One small problem could lead to widespread famine. It also causes health issues due to exposure to animal waste and vulnerability to disease.

Question 19

Where is plantation farming typically found?

Answer 19

It’s typically found in tropical regions such as Latin America, Africa, and Asia. It is common in LDCs, but it often owned by European and U.S. companies

Question 20

What products are farmed on plantation farms?

Answer 20

Cotton, sugarcane, coffee, coco, bananas, tobacco, and tea

Question 21

What are some negative effects of plantation farming?

Answer 21

It’s usually in sparsely populated areas, which can cause isolation for the workers who are brought in and housed on site. It inefficiently uses land since only 1 crop is grown (the most profitable). Profits often go to international corporations and workers often have poor living and working conditions. Child slavery is common.

Question 22

What are the 6 main types of agriculture practiced in MDCs?

Answer 22

Mixed crop/ livestock farming, dairy, grain farming, ranching, mediterranean, and commercial gardening/ truck farming

Question 23

Where is mixed crop/ livestock farming most common and what is grown?

Answer 23

It’s most common in the US and Europe. The midwestern US “corn belt”. Crop rotation is used to grow corn, soybeans, and wheat.

Question 24

Where is dairy farming most common and why?

Answer 24

The “milkshed”- the producing region that supplies to the closest market. The farther away from the market the more likely the milk is to be sold for processing. Common outside heavily populated areas due to demand.

Question 25

Where is grain farming most common and what is grown?

Answer 25

Grain is grown- the seeds from wheat, barely, oats, etc. It’s sold to manufacturers to produce the food we eat. Grown in the “wheat belt” in the Northwestern U.S.

Question 26

What is ranching and what is the difference between it and pastoral nomadism?

Answer 26

It’s the commercial grazing of livestock. It’s different from pastoral nomadism because the difference is that they want to be part of the link in the meat processing industry. Due to urbanization, feedlots are more often used than they used to be.

Question 27

Where is mediterranean agriculture most common and what is grown?

Answer 27

There must be a specific climate. It can be found in Southern Europe, North Africa, Chile, South Africa, California, and Australia. Olives and grapes are the most commonly grown.

Question 28

What are the 6 drawbacks to agriculture in MDCs?

Answer 28

It tends to use more land, there is a larger impact on the environment (large farms, pesticides), water consumption is high, large use of natural resources (oil and fuel), processed food (preservatives, high calorie), and the access to organic and healthful foods is sometimes limited and/or expensive.

Question 29

What is a food desert?

Answer 29

An area defined by the USDA as a place with little or no access to fresh, affordable food (usually between 1-10 miles)

Question 30

Where are food deserts?

Answer 30

Typically in areas with higher obesity rates.

Question 31

What is an example of a food desert?

Answer 31

Detroit- all of the grocery stores left the city so residents started to grow food in vacant lots and were basically forced to eat fast food

Question 32

What is the “Local Food” movement?

Answer 32

“Farm to table”. It’s a recent trend to buy local and to know where your food comes from. It’s often organic in order to limit the amount of pesticides and preservatives. It also helps support local small farmers.

Question 33

What does “A portion of the crops is eaten by the wheels” mean?

Answer 33

That you have to spend money to make money. This is because back then it cost a lot to get products to the market.

Question 34

Who said “A portion of the crops is eaten by the wheels” and in when?

Answer 34

German economist Johann Von Then in 1826

Question 35

In the 1820s, what did von Thunen propose?

Answer 35

An agricultural land use model

Question 36

What determines agricultural land use (what is grown/ produced)?

Answer 36

Bid rent

Question 37

What is bid rent?

Answer 37

Location to the market and transportation costs

Question 38

What land is most expensive (and why) according to von Thunen’s model?

Answer 38

Land closest to the city is more productive and closer to the market therefore it’s more expensive

Question 39

Where can less productive land be found (according to von Thunen)?

Answer 39

Further out from the city, land is less productive and therefore cheaper

Question 40

What do farmers consider when deciding what crops to grow?

Answer 40

Land costs and transportation costs

Question 41

What factors have made von Thunen’s model obsolete?

Answer 41

Technology, globalization, and urbanization improvements

Question 42

What are some examples of speciality farming?

Answer 42

Dairy in California and fruits in South America

Question 43

Why does von Thunen’s Model still apply in LDCs?

Answer 43

Because of technology limitations

Question 44

What is modern agriculture connected to?

Answer 44

The larger agribusiness

Question 45

What is a commodity chain?

Answer 45

A series of links connecting the many places of production and distribution together, and resulting in a commodity that’s then exchanged on the world market

Question 46

When and where did the Green Revolution begin?

Answer 46

It began in 1943 in Mexico

Question 47

Who began the Green Revolution?

Answer 47

Norman Borlaug

Question 48

What are the 2 major goals of the Green Revolution?

Answer 48

1. To prevent massive famine in parts of the world. 2. Sustainable and efficient food production (Grow more food on the same/ less amount of land)

Question 49

What are some strategies of the Green Revolution?

Answer 49

New varieties of high yield crops; double cropping; expanded use of pesticides, fertilization, irrigation, and GMOs; and the introduction of high tech machinery

Question 50

Who did and who didn’t benefit from the Green Revolution?

Answer 50

Most of Asia and Mexico benefited but Sub-Saharan Africa didn’t really benefit

Question 51

What are 5 problems with implementing Green Revolution agriculture changes in LDCs?

Answer 51

Fertilizer and technology is expensive, expanded use of pesticides can cause health issues, high fuel and water consumption, traditional societies usually resist change, these advances possibly contribute to population growth