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Physio > Chapter 10 - Sensory Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 10 - Sensory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

In muscles, tendon, joints & provide a sense of body position also allowing fine muscle control

A

Proprioceptors

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2
Q

Touch, pressure, heart, cold, pain

A

Cutaneous skin receptors

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3
Q

Vision, hearing, taste, smell, equilibrium

A

Special senses

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4
Q

Origin of info

A

Exteroceptors

Interoceptors

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5
Q

Respond to stimuli from outside the body; includes skin receptors and special senses

A

Exteroceptors

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6
Q

Respond to internal stimuli; found in organs; monitor blood pressure, pH, & oxygen concentrations

A

Interoceptors

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7
Q

Burst of activity when stimulus 1st applied : adapt (fast)

A

Phasic

Eg smell- perfume; touch

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8
Q

Keep high firing rate as long as stimulus is applied (slow)

A

Tonic

Eg pain

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9
Q

Law of Specific Nerve Energies

A

Each type of sensory receptor primarily responds to 1 type of stimulus - normal stimulus

Eg photoreceptors- light
& punch in eye(pressure) flash of light

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10
Q

Stimuli produce depolarizations called

A

Generator potentials

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11
Q

Light touch on skin pacifism corpuscle =

A

Small generator potential

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12
Q

High pressure, high magnitude of generator potential until threshold =

A

Met then action potential occurs

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13
Q

Pacinian corpuscles =

A

Phasic receptors

Adapt; generator potential decrease

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14
Q

Generator potential = proportional to intensity of stimulus

A

Tonic receptors

Increased intensity= high frequency of action potential after reaching threshold

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15
Q

Cold receptors

A

Respond more to COLD than hot

Stimulated by cold, inhibited by warm

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16
Q

Warm receptors

A

Excited by warming, inhibited by cooling

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17
Q

Hot receptors

A

Pain experienced by a HOT stimulus sensors by a special nociceptor called capsaicin receptor

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18
Q

Types of info being delivered to brain

A

Proprioceptors

Cutaneous Receptors

Special Senses

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19
Q

Nociceptors can be

A

Myelinated - transmits sudden sharp pain

Unmyelinated - transmit dull persistent pain

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20
Q

Nociceptors may be activated by

A

Chemicals released by damaged tissues

Eg ATP, pH change or mechanical stimuli

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21
Q

Emotional response

A

Info sent from thalamus to anterior cingulate gyrus

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22
Q

Referred pain (sometimes pain info)

A

Can synapse on same inter neuron as neuron carding visceral

Brain may interpret heart pain as arm pain or gallbladder pain as back pain

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23
Q

Receptive field

A

Area of skin that when stimulated changes the firing rate of a neuron

24
Q

Smaller receptor field =

A

Greater tactile acuity - sharpness of sensation

25
Q

Two point touch threshold

A

Measure tactile acuity

Important in spacing the raised dots in Braille symbols

26
Q

Lateral Inhibitation

A

Reducing the input from the edges
(Touch of blunt object, input of edges are reduced, & receptors in center are stimulated more & sharpens the sensation)

27
Q

Vestibular Apparatus

A

Located in inner ear

Provides a sense of equilibrium

28
Q

Vestibular Apparatus consists of

A

Otolith organs - utricle & saccule detect linear acceleration

Semicircular Canals - rotational acceleration

29
Q

Utricle & Saccule

A

Provide information about linear acceleration

30
Q

Utricle

A

Horizontal

31
Q

Saccule

A

Vertical

32
Q

Macula

A

Specialized epithelium that houses hair cells

33
Q

Otoliths

A

Ear stones

34
Q

Stereocilia

A

Modified epithelial cells with 20-50 hairlike extensions

35
Q

If hair bent to right

A

May increase action potentials

36
Q

Equilibrium bent opposite

A

Will decrease action potential

37
Q

Semicircular Canals

A

Project along 3 different planes to detect rotation

Rotation makes endolymph circulate pushing the callus and bending the hair cells

38
Q

Each canal contains a semicircular duct filled with

A

Endolymph

39
Q

An enlarged area at the base of each duct called

A

Ampulla

40
Q

When persons body is spinning, eye movements are

A

Toward opposite directions of the spin to maintain a fixation point

41
Q

When body comes to a stop, the capula is

A

Bent by fluid inertia & eye movements are still affected

42
Q

Nystagmus

A

Jerky eye movement produced

43
Q

Vertigo

A

Nystagmus can cause a loss of equilibrium

44
Q

Sound waves characterized by

A

Frequency measured in hertz (Hz)
Higher frequencies have higher pitches
Human range 20-20,000 Hz

Intensity(loudness) measured in decibels
Human optimal range is 0-80dB

45
Q

Cochlea

A

Hearing part of inner ear

46
Q

3 chambers of cochlea

A

Upper- scala vestibuli

Lower - scala thympani

Also contains the membranous labyrinth called scala media (filled with endolymph)

47
Q

Vibrations from oral window of middle ear displace Perilymp in scala vestibuli

A

(1) in how sound transmission occur

48
Q

Vibrations pass through vestibular membrane into the Cochlear duct through endolymph

A

(2) in how sound transmission occurs

49
Q

Vibrations pass through basilar membrane into perilymph of scala tympani

A

(3) how sound transmission occur

50
Q

A higher pitched sound is

A

Going to cause short waves and that bends hairs at beginning of canal

51
Q

A lower pitched sound is

A

Going to cause larger waves and that bend hairs toward end of canal

52
Q

How hearing works

A

Sound waves enter scala media, tectorial membrane vibrates, bending Stereocilia

53
Q

Conduction deafness

A

Sound waves are not conducted from the outer to inner ear

Impairs hearing of all sound frequencies

54
Q

Sensorineural / perceptive deafness

A

Nerve impulses are not conducted from the Cochlea to the auditory cortex

Due to damaged hair cells from loud noises, or
Only impair hearing of particular sound frequencies & not others, or
Be helped by cochlear implants

55
Q

Presbycusis

A

Age related hearing impairment

High pitched tends to go first

56
Q

Tasted buds

A

Located in bumps on tongue called papillae

57
Q

5 categories of taste

A 
Salty(basic) 
Sour(acid)
Sweet(sugar)
Umami/meaty(savory, MSG)
Bitter(toxic)

Physio (3 decks)

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