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Biology > Chapter 10: Respiration > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the process of inhalation

A
  1. The diaphragm muscle contracts and diaphragm flattens
  2. The external intercostal muscles contract while internal intercostal muscles relax
  3. Ribs move upwards and outwards. The sternum also moves up and forward
  4. Volume thoracic cavity increases
  5. Lungs expand and increase in volume, causing pressure in lungs to decrease
  6. Atmospheric pressure is now higher than pressure in lungs so air is forced into the lungs
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2
Q

Define respiration

A

Respiration is the breakdown of glucose with the release of energy in living cells

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3
Q

State 3 uses of energy released from respiration

A
  1. Muscular contractions such as heartbeats
  2. Synthesis of new protoplasm for growth and repair
  3. Active transport in the absorption of food substances by small intestine
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4
Q

Define aerobic respiration

A

Aerobic respiration is the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen to release a large amount of energy. Carbon dioxide and water are released as waste products

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5
Q

State the word equation for respiration

A

Glucose + Oxygen (Arrow) Carbon dioxide + water + Large amount of energy

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6
Q

Define anaerobic respiration

A

It is the breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen with the release of small amounts of energy

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7
Q

Describe and explain what happens during oxygen debt

A
  1. Oxygen debt occurs when there is insufficient oxygen to meet the demands of the vigorous muscular contractions(exercising)
  2. Lactic acid starts to accumulate in muscle cells and become high enough to cause fatigue and muscular pains
  3. During rest, the breathing rate continues to be fast for some time, in order to provide sufficient oxygen to repay the oxygen debt.
  4. Lactic acid is slowly removed from the muscles and transported to the liver where it is oxidised to release energy. This energy is then used to convert the remaining lactic acid into glucose. When all the lactic acid has bee n converted, the oxygen debt is repaid. Glucose is then transported to the muscles for further use.
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8
Q

Describe and explain the advantages of breathing in through the nose

A
  1. Dust and foreign particles are trapped by hair and mucus, and later removed through sneezing or coughing
  2. Air is warmed and moistened as it passes through nasal passages
  3. Harmful chemicals can be detected by small sensory cells in the mucous membrane
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9
Q

Briefly describe the structures and functions of the trachea (epithelium, gland cells, ciliated cells)

A

The trachea is supported by c-shaped rings of cartilage, to keep the lumen of trachea open for air to move in. The epithelium next to the lumen consists of the gland cells and ciliated cells.
Gland cells secrete mucus to trap dust and foreign particles
Ciliated cells have hair-like structure to sweep dust-trapped mucus up the trachea

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10
Q

Describe and explain how the lungs are adapted for efficient gaseous exchange.

A
  1. There are numerous alveoli present in the lungs, to provide a large surface area for gaseous exchange.
  2. The walls of alveolus is only one-cell thick. This reduces diffusion distance for gases, to ensure a faster rate of diffusion of gases
  3. The walls of alveoli are richly supplied with blood capillaries, to allow for a continuous flow of blood, to maintain a steep concentration of gases.
  4. A thin film of moisture covers the surface of the alveolus to allow gases to dissolve in it for a higher rate of gaseous exchange
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11
Q

How is oxygen absorbed in the lungs and transported in the body?

A
  1. Air in alveoli has a higher concentration of oxygen than in surrounding blood capillaries.
  2. Oxygen then dissolves in the thin film of moisture on the inner walls of the alveoli
  3. There is higher concentration of oxygen in alveoli than in blood capillaries
  4. Oxygen then diffuses out of alveoli into surrounding blood capillaries
  5. Higher concentration of oxygen in blood capillary than in red blood cells
  6. Oxygen diffuses into red blood cells, and combines with with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin.
  7. Oxygen is carried in the form of oxyhaemoglobin in red blood cells around the body, releasing oxygen in oxygen-poor tissues which diffuse from walls of blood capillaries into the cells of the tissues.
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12
Q

How is carbon dioxide transported in the bod and removed at the lungs?

A
  1. There is a higher concentration of CO2 in the tissue cells than in the blood capillaries
  2. CO2 diffuses out of tissue cells into the tissue fluid, before diffusing into the blood capillaries
  3. Blood capillaries have higher concentration of CO2 than red blood cells
  4. CO2 diffuses from the blood capillaries into RBC.
  5. Within the RBC, CO2 reacts with water to form carbonic acid. This reaction is catalysed by carbonic anhydrase which is present in red blood cells.
  6. Carbonic acid is then converted into hydrogen carbonate ions which diffuse out of the RBC into the blood plasma.
  7. CO2 is mostly carried as hydrogen carbonate ions to the lungs, where hydrogen carbonate ions diffuse back into the RBC where they are converted back to carbonic acid then into water and carbon dioxide, catalysed by carbonic acid
  8. Higher concentration of CO2 in RBC than in blood plasma
  9. CO2 diffuses from RBC to blood plasma
  10. Higher concentration of CO2 than in blood capillaries and alveoli
  11. CO2 diffuses from blood plasma into blood capillaries and alveoli
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13
Q

Describe the process of inhalation

A

During inhalation,
1. The diaphragm muscle contracts and diaphragm flattens
2. External intercostal muscles contract while intercostal muscles relax
3. The ribs move upwards and outwards. Sternum also moves up and forward
4. Volume of thoracic cavity increases
5. Lungs expand and air pressure in the lungs decreases.
6. Atmospheric pressure is now higher than pressure in lungs so air is forced into the lungs

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14
Q

Describe the process of exhalation

A

During inhalation,
1. The diaphragm muscle relaxes and diaphragm arches upwards
2. External intercostal muscles relax while intercostal muscles contract
3. The ribs move downwards and inwards. Sternum also down and back to original position
4. Volume of thoracic cavity decreases
5. Lungs contract and air pressure in the lungs increases
6. Pressure in the lungs is now higher than atmospheric pressure so air is forced out of the lungs

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15
Q

Describe and explain the effects of nicotine

A
  1. Nicotine is an addictive drug that causes the release of adrenaline. This leads to increase heartbeat and blood pressure
  2. Nicotine also makes blood clot easily, which increases the risk of blood clots in arteries, which may lead to increased risk of coronary heart diseases.
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16
Q

Describe and explain the harmful effects of carbon monoxide

A
  1. Carbon monoxide combines with haemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin which reduces the ability of blood to carry oxygen
  2. Carbon monoxide also increases the rate of fatty of deposits n inner walls of arteries, which leads to increased risk of coronary heart disease as it narrows lumen of arteries, increasing blood pressure.
17
Q

Describe and explain the harmful effects of tar

A
  1. Causes uncontrolled cell division which increases the risk of lung cancer
  2. Paralyses cilia lining on the air passages. This causes dust particles trapped in mucus lining in air passages to become unable to be removed, increasing risks of chronic bronchitis and emphysema
18
Q

Describe and explain the harmful effects of irritants

A
  1. Paralyses cilia lining on the air passages. This causes dust particles trapped in mucus lining to become unable to be removed, increasing risks of chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
19
Q

Describe and explain the cause of chronic bronchitis

A
  1. Chronic bronchitis is due to prolonged exposure to irritant particles found in tobacco smoke
  2. epithelium lining of air passages become inflamed
  3. this causes epithelium t secret excessive mucus
  4. Cilia on the epithelium become paralysed so much and dust particles cannot be removed
  5. Air passages become blocked, making breathing difficult
  6. Persistent coughing to clear air passages, in order to breathe. this increases the risk of getting lung infections
20
Q

Describe and explain the cause of emphysema

A
  1. Due to the persistent and violent coughing from chronic bronchitis, the partition walls breakdown.
  2. This results in a smaller surface area for gaseous exchange
  3. The lungs lose their elasticity and become inflated with air
  4. Breathing becomes difficult, leading to wheezing and sever breathlessness.

Biology (11 decks)

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