chapter 10: Properties of solutions Flashcards by Kisana Ngwenya

what is homogenous mixtures

2 or more pure substances; uniform throughout

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what is the solvent

present in greatest abundance

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what is solute

all the other substances

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what does aq mean

means water is the solvent

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solutions could be…

gases, liquids, or solids

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what is an aqueous solution

water is the solvent, and solid, liquid, gas is the solute

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solutions can contain the same compounds but have a difference of what?

properties

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what is concentration

amount of solute dissolved in the solvent bc of the proportions

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what is Molarity (M)

way to measure the concentration of a solution

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what is the formula for molarity

moles of solute/ volume of solution in liters

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what is the mass % formula

mass of component of solution/ total mass of solution

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the mass % is the…

the simplest expression of the concentration

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what is the formula for parts per million

mass of component solution / total mass of solution x 10^6

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what is the mole fraction formula

x = moles of component / total moles of all components

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what is Molality

the concentration expression that is similar to molarity

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what is the symbol for Molality

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what is the formula for molality

moles of solute/ kg of solvent

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mass doesn’t change with what?

temp

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does molarity depend on temp

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like dissolves what…

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what is miscible

pairs of liquids that dissolve in all proportions

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what is immiscible

always insoluble

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what is slightly miscible

soluble in some proportions

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where do intermolecular forces operate

between the solute and solvent molecules

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why do IMFs between solute and solvent particles need to be strong

to be competitive

what can you use to calculate the molarity

density

what does molality depend on

volume

what does 1 cm^3 equal

1 Liter

what is the muliplicaton factor for parts per billion

10^9

what are the types of IMFs

dispersion dipole dipole hydrogen bond ion dipole

what is london dispersion

weakest intermolecular force non polar

what is dipole dipole force

forces bwteen positive end of one polar molecule and the negative end of another polar molecule

what is a hydrogen bond

weak bond between a hydrogen atom located between a pair of other atoms that have an affinity for electrons multiple hydogen bonds makes it a strong force

what is ion dipole

attractive force that results from an ion and a molecule that has a dipole example: Na + ion and water

what does hydrogen need to bond with to make it a hydrogen bond

FON

what is an endothermic process

total energy to break the attractive forces is higher than the energy released "takes to break"

what is the oil and water example

oil and water doesn't mix bc water has strong hydrogen bonds and forces and it has to be overcome to disperse the water

what is an exothermic process

the total energy for breaking the attractions is less than the energy is released "frees to form"

what factors affect solubility

1. ) ImFs among the solute and solvent molecules 2. ) natural tendency for substances to mix

strong IMFs =

strong attractions and greater solubility

what is entropy

the amount of randomness in a system/ amount of disorder

entropy lowers what

the energy of the system

what are the 3 components of energetics of a solution

solute is endothermic solvent is endothermic solution = exothermic

is entropy preferred

yes

what factors affect solubility

structure, pressure, temperature

what does molecular structure effect

polarity

what happens to solubility for solute and solvent

if they have similar properties then they are soluble

number of carbons in alcohol

affects solubility length increases = polar OH group is smaller = less solubility

whar are the two classes of vitamins

fat-soluble (A,D,E,K) water-soluble ( B and C)

when like dissolves dislike what happens to the heat change of the solution

the heat change is large and positive preventing the solution from forming

when like dissolves like what happens to the heat change of the solution

the solution will form bc of the increase in randomness

what begins to happen as a solute dissolves in a solvent

the concentration of solute goes up and the solution increases with its chances of colliding with the surface

what is crystallization

collisions result in the solute particles becoming reattached to the solid

solute and solvent -----\> solution

dissolve

solution------\> solute + solvent

crystallize

when is the equilibrium established

rates of the opposing processes become equal

what is saturated equilibrium

solute is undissolved - solvent holds as much solute as possible @ that temperature

what is solubility

amount of solute needed to form a saturated solution in a given quantity

what is an unsaturated solution

less solute than what is needed to form a saturated solution is dissolved - solvent does not hold as much

what is a supersaturated solution

the greater amount of solute than is normally possible at that temperature

the solubility of most solid solutes in water increases as what

the temp of the solution increases

where is saturated on the solubility curve

saturated

what is unsaturated on the curve

below the line

what is supersaturated on the curve

supersaturated above the line

increasing pressure increases what

the solubility of gases

pressure has little effect on what

solubility of solids or liquids

what is henry's law

relationship between pressure and solubility of gas C = kP

what is C in henry's law

C is the concentration of dissolved gas

what is k in henry's law

k is the constant

what is P in henry's law

the partial pressure of the gas above the solution

the gas dissolved in the solution is directly proportional to...

the pressure of the gas above the solution

the solubility of gases in water...

decreases with increasing temp

what happens to the solubility of oxygen when it's in water

decreases w/ increasing temp

what is thermal pollution

changes in freshwater temps by human influence

what is vapor pressure

pressure exerted by the vapor after equilibrium is reached

what is nonvolatile

a substance that has no measurable vapor pressure

what is volatile

one that exhibits a vapor pressure

what is a semipermeable membrane

allows smaller particles to pass through and blocks larger particles

what is osmosis

the flow of solvent through a semi-permeable membrane from low concentration to high concentration

higher solvent =

lower solute amount= lower concentration

what is a hypertonic mean

high concentration and low water

what does hypotonic mean

low concentration and high wat