chapter 10: Properties of solutions Flashcards
what is homogenous mixtures
2 or more pure substances; uniform throughout
what is the solvent
present in greatest abundance
what is solute
all the other substances
what does aq mean
means water is the solvent
solutions could be…
gases, liquids, or solids
what is an aqueous solution
water is the solvent, and solid, liquid, gas is the solute
solutions can contain the same compounds but have a difference of what?
properties
what is concentration
amount of solute dissolved in the solvent bc of the proportions
what is Molarity (M)
way to measure the concentration of a solution
what is the formula for molarity
moles of solute/ volume of solution in liters
what is the mass % formula
mass of component of solution/ total mass of solution
the mass % is the…
the simplest expression of the concentration
what is the formula for parts per million
mass of component solution / total mass of solution x 10^6
what is the mole fraction formula
x = moles of component / total moles of all components
what is Molality
the concentration expression that is similar to molarity
what is the symbol for Molality
m
what is the formula for molality
moles of solute/ kg of solvent
mass doesn’t change with what?
temp
does molarity depend on temp
no
like dissolves what…
like
what is miscible
pairs of liquids that dissolve in all proportions
what is immiscible
always insoluble
what is slightly miscible
soluble in some proportions
where do intermolecular forces operate
between the solute and solvent molecules
why do IMFs between solute and solvent particles need to be strong
to be competitive
what can you use to calculate the molarity
density
what does molality depend on
volume
what does 1 cm^3 equal
1 Liter
what is the muliplicaton factor for parts per billion
10^9
what are the types of IMFs
dispersion
dipole dipole
hydrogen bond
ion dipole
what is london dispersion
weakest intermolecular force
non polar
what is dipole dipole force
forces bwteen positive end of one polar molecule and the negative end of another polar molecule
what is a hydrogen bond
weak bond between a hydrogen atom located between a pair of other atoms that have an affinity for electrons
multiple hydogen bonds makes it a strong force
what is ion dipole
attractive force that results from an ion and a molecule that has a dipole
example: Na + ion and water
what does hydrogen need to bond with to make it a hydrogen bond
FON
what is an endothermic process
total energy to break the attractive forces is higher than the energy released
“takes to break”
what is the oil and water example
oil and water doesn’t mix bc water has strong hydrogen bonds and forces and it has to be overcome to disperse the water
what is an exothermic process
the total energy for breaking the attractions is less than the energy is released
“frees to form”
what factors affect solubility
- ) ImFs among the solute and solvent molecules
- ) natural tendency for substances to mix
strong IMFs =
strong attractions and greater solubility
what is entropy
the amount of randomness in a system/ amount of disorder
entropy lowers what
the energy of the system
what are the 3 components of energetics of a solution
solute is endothermic
solvent is endothermic
solution = exothermic
is entropy preferred
yes
what factors affect solubility
structure, pressure, temperature
what does molecular structure effect
polarity
what happens to solubility for solute and solvent
if they have similar properties then they are soluble
number of carbons in alcohol
affects solubility
length increases = polar OH group is smaller = less solubility
whar are the two classes of vitamins
fat-soluble (A,D,E,K)
water-soluble ( B and C)
when like dissolves dislike what happens to the heat change of the solution
the heat change is large and positive preventing the solution from forming
when like dissolves like what happens to the heat change of the solution
the solution will form bc of the increase in randomness
what begins to happen as a solute dissolves in a solvent
the concentration of solute goes up and the solution increases with its chances of colliding with the surface
what is crystallization
collisions result in the solute particles becoming reattached to the solid
solute and solvent —–> solution
dissolve
solution——> solute + solvent
crystallize
when is the equilibrium established
rates of the opposing processes become equal
what is saturated equilibrium
solute is undissolved
- solvent holds as much solute as possible @ that temperature
what is solubility
amount of solute needed to form a saturated solution in a given quantity
what is an unsaturated solution
less solute than what is needed to form a saturated solution is dissolved
- solvent does not hold as much
what is a supersaturated solution
the greater amount of solute than is normally possible at that temperature
the solubility of most solid solutes in water increases as what
the temp of the solution increases
where is saturated on the solubility curve
saturated
what is unsaturated on the curve
below the line
what is supersaturated on the curve
supersaturated above the line
increasing pressure increases what
the solubility of gases
pressure has little effect on what
solubility of solids or liquids
what is henry’s law
relationship between pressure and solubility of gas
C = kP
what is C in henry’s law
C is the concentration of dissolved gas
what is k in henry’s law
k is the constant
what is P in henry’s law
the partial pressure of the gas above the solution
the gas dissolved in the solution is directly proportional to…
the pressure of the gas above the solution
the solubility of gases in water…
decreases with increasing temp
what happens to the solubility of oxygen when it’s in water
decreases w/ increasing temp
what is thermal pollution
changes in freshwater temps by human influence
what is vapor pressure
pressure exerted by the vapor after equilibrium is reached
what is nonvolatile
a substance that has no measurable vapor pressure
what is volatile
one that exhibits a vapor pressure
what is a semipermeable membrane
allows smaller particles to pass through and blocks larger particles
what is osmosis
the flow of solvent through a semi-permeable membrane from low concentration to high concentration
higher solvent =
lower solute amount= lower concentration
what is a hypertonic mean
high concentration and low water
what does hypotonic mean
low concentration and high wat
