CHAPTER 10: PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION

Question 1

Unfavourable attitude towards a social group and its members.

literally means ‘prejudgement’ (from the Latin prae and judicium)

Answer 1

Prejudice

Question 2

Stripping people of their dignity and humanity.

Answer 2

Dehumanisation

Question 3

The ultimate expression of prejudice by exterminating an entire social group.

Answer 3

Genocide

Question 4

An attitude consists of cognitive, affective and behavioural components. This threefold division has an ancient heritage, stressing thought, feeling and action as basic to human experience.

Answer 4

Three-component attitude model

Question 5

one of the components of the Three-component model that are about beliefs about a group

Answer 5

Cognitive

Question 6

one of the components of the Three-component model: strong feelings (usually negative) about a group and the qualities it is believed to possess;

Answer 6

Affective

Question 7

one of the components of the Three-component model: intentions to behave in certain ways towards a group

Answer 7

conative

Question 8

Rupert Brown defines prejudice as:

Answer 8

the holding of derogatory social attitudes or cognitive beliefs, the expression of negative affect, or the display of hostile or discriminatory behaviour towards members of a group on account of their membership of that group.

Question 9

the relationship between prejudiced beliefs and the practice of discrimination

Answer 9

attitude–behaviour relationship

Question 10

Prejudice and discrimination against people based on their gender.

Answer 10

Sexism

Question 11

four major female subtypes in Western cultures:

Answer 11

housewife, sexy woman, = embody attributes of warmth and sociability

career woman and feminist/athlete/lesbian= attributes of competence

Question 12

Behaviour deemed sexstereotypically appropriate

Answer 12

Sex role

Question 13

Mainly applied to the gender gap in leadership – because social stereotypes of women are inconsistent with people’s schemas of effective leadership, women are evaluated as poor leaders.

Answer 13

role congruity theory

Question 14

Sex-stereotypical attributes of a person.

Answer 14

Gender

Question 15

One reason why sex stereotypes persist is that

Answer 15

role assignment according to gender persists

Question 16

An invisible barrier that prevents women, and minorities, from attaining top leadership positions.

Answer 16

Glass ceiling

Question 17

A tendency for women rather than men to be appointed to precarious leadership positions associated with a high probability of failure and criticism.

Answer 17

Glass cliff

Question 18

Media depiction that gives greater prominence to the head and less prominence to the body for men, but vice versa for women.

Answer 18

Face-ism

Question 19

violation of gender stereotypes can result in social and economic reprisal – called

Answer 19

backlash

Question 20

Sik Hung Ng has noted another subtle form of sexism in the use of the__________which is define as people’s use of the masculine pronouns (he, him, his, etc.) and terms such as ‘mankind’ when they are talking about people in general

Answer 20

Generic Masculine

Question 21

a successful performance by a man tends to be attributed to ______, while an identical performance by a woman is attributed to ________

Answer 21

ability; luck or the ease of the task

Question 22

involves systematically appointing properly qualified minorities to positions in which they are historically underrepresented (e.g. senior management in organisations, senior government positions), with the aim of making such positions appear more attainable for minorities

Answer 22

Affirmative action

Question 23

benevolent attitudes (heterosexual attraction, protection, gender role complementarity) towards _____________

Answer 23

traditional women (e.g. pink-collar job holders, ‘sexy chicks’, housewives)

Question 24

hostile attitudes (heterosexual hostility, domination, competition) towards _____________

Answer 24

non-traditional women (e.g. career women, feminists, athletes, lesbians).

Question 25

Prejudice and discrimination against people based on their ethnicity or race.

Answer 25

racism

Question 26

People may still be racist at heart, but in a different way – they may represent and express racism differently, perhaps more subtly . This new form of racism has been called

Answer 26

Aversive racism, Modern racism, symbolic racism and ambivalent racism

Question 27

deep-seated racial antipathy expresses itself as overt racism when the situation is one in which egalitarian values are weak

Answer 27

aversive racism

Question 28

negative feelings about blacks (based on early learnt racial fears and stereotypes) blend with moral values embodied in the Protestant ethic to justify some anti-black attitudes and therefore legitimise their expression.

Answer 28

symbolic racism

Question 29

reflect how people resolve an underlying antipathy based on race with their belief in equality between groups – in essence, it is a type of cognitive dissonance resolution process

Answer 29

modern or subtle forms of racism

Question 30

Reaction-time test to measure attitudes – particularly unpopular attitudes that people might conceal.

Answer 30

Implicit association test

Question 31

Susan Mitchell (2002) identified four distinct generational stereotypes that may be partly attributable to real changes in behaviour due to ageing, but are also influenced by value differences in your social environment during early adult development:

Answer 31

Traditionalist Baby boomers Generation X Millenials (Genration Y)

Question 32

born between 1925 and 1945, are practical; patient, loyal and hardworking; respectful of authority; and rule followers.

Answer 32

Traditionalists

Question 33

born between 1946 and 1960, are optimistic; value teamwork and cooperation; are ambitious; and are workaholic.

Answer 33

Baby boomers

Question 34

born between 1961 and 1980, are sceptical, self-reliant risk-takers who balance work and personal life.

Answer 34

Generation X

Question 35

born between 1981 and 1999, are hopeful; they value meaningful work, diversity and change; and are technologically savvy.

Answer 35

Millennials (Generation Y)

Question 36

Prejudice and discrimination against people based on their age

Answer 36

Ageism

Question 37

comon stereotypes or subtypes of elderly people

Answer 37

conservative (patriotic, religious, nostalgic), the small-town neighbour (frugal, quiet, conservative), the perfect grandparent (wise, kind, happy), the golden-ager (adventurous, sociable, successful), the despondent (depressed, neglected), the severely impaired (incompetent, feeble) and the shrew/curmudgeon (bitter, complaining, prejudiced)

Question 38

It was only in ______________ that the American Psychiatric Association formally removed homosexuality from its list of mental disorders

Answer 38

1973

Question 39

Another facet of prejudice against the mentally ill is the use of the ‘_____________ to dehumanise and justify discrimination against minority-status groups as a whole.

Answer 39

mad’ label

Question 40

three types of behaviour that do not look obviously like discrimination but nevertheless may conceal underlying prejudices:

Answer 40

reluctance to help, tokenism and reverse discrimination.

Question 41

The practice of publicly making small concessions to a minority group in order to deflect accusations of prejudice and discrimination. a relatively small or trivial positive act, a token, towards members of a minority group (‘Don’t bother me, haven’t I already done enough?)

Answer 41

Tokenism

Question 42

The practice of publicly being prejudiced in favour of a minority group in order to deflect accusations of prejudice and discrimination against that group. People with residual prejudiced attitudes may sometimes go out of their way to favour members of a group against which they are prejudiced more than members of other groups

Answer 42

Reverse Discrimination

Question 43

Group attributes that mediate a negative social evaluation of people belonging to the group

Answer 43

Stigma

Question 44

The subjective experience of stigma hinges on two factors:

Answer 44

visibility/concealability and controllability.

Question 45

the outcome of an adaptive cognitive process that helps us avoid poor social exchange partners who may threaten our access to resource or who, by virtue of being different, may carry communicable pathogens.

Answer 45

Stigmatisation

Question 46

Feeling that we will be judged and treated in terms of negative stereotypes of our group, and that we will inadvertently confirm these stereotypes through our behaviour.

Answer 46

Stereotype threa

Question 47

Expectations and assumptions about a person that influence our interaction with that person and eventually change their behaviour in line with our expectations.

Answer 47

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 48

Dehumanisation was first explored scientifically by

Answer 48

Herbert Kelman

Question 49

It is a process through which people are denied membership in a community of interconnected individuals and are cast outside the ‘moral circle’, to a place where the rights and considerations attached to being human no longer apply

Answer 49

Dehumanisation

Question 50

refers to attributes that distinguish humans from other animals, such as refinement, civility, morality and higher cognition.

Answer 50

Human uniqueness

Question 51

When people are denied human uniqueness,they are likened to animals and seen as childlike, immature, coarse, irrational or backward

Answer 51

animalistic dehumanisation

Question 52

refers to attributes that are shared and fundamental features of humanity, such as emotionality, agency, warmth and cognitive flexibility

Answer 52

Human Nature

Question 53

When people are denied human nature attributes,they are explicitly or implicitly likened to objects or machines and seen as cold, rigid, inert and lacking emotion and agency. Dehumanisation may have a un

Answer 53

Mechanistic Dehumanisation

Question 54

Pervasive tendency to consider behaviour to reflect underlying and immutable, often innate, properties of people or the groups they belong to.

Answer 54

Essentialism

Question 55

Another form of genocide (although ‘ethnic death’ is a more appropriate term to distinguish it from the brutality of the Holocaust) is ______________________ in which entire cultural groups may disappear as discrete entities through widespread intermarriage and systematic suppression of their culture and language

Answer 55

cultural assimilation

Question 56

The most extreme form of legitimised prejudice is___________

Answer 56

genocide

Question 57

Repeated exposure to an object results in greater attraction to that object.

Answer 57

Mere exposure effect

Question 58

The transmission of parental prejudices can occur through

Answer 58

parental modelling

Question 59

Theory that all frustration leads to aggression, and all aggression comes from frustration. Used to explain prejudice and intergroup aggression.

Answer 59

Frustration–aggression hypothesis

Question 60

The target of aggression is usually the perceived agent of frustration, but in many cases the agent of frustration is....

Answer 60

amorphous (e.g. a bureaucracy), indeterminate (the economy), too powerful (someone very big and strong wielding a weapon), unavailable (a specific individual bureaucrat) or someone you love (a parent)

Question 61

Individual or group that becomes the target for anger and frustration caused by a different individual or group or some other set of circumstances.

Answer 61

Scapegoat

Question 62

Psychodynamic concept referring to the transfer of negative feelings on to an individual or group other than that which originally caused the negative feelings.

Answer 62

Displacement

Question 63

The behaviour of people en masse – such as in a crowd, protest or riot.

Answer 63

Collective behaviour

Question 64

A sense of having less than we feel entitled to

Answer 64

relative deprivatio

Question 65

Personality syndrome originating in childhood that predisposes individuals to be prejudiced.

Answer 65

authoritarian personality

Question 66

Evaluative preference for all aspects of our own group relative to other groups.

Answer 66

Ethnocentrism

Question 67

originally intended to measure tendencies towards fascism, it was treated as a more general measure of authoritarianism.

Answer 67

California F-scale

Question 68

Tendency to agree with items in an attitude questionnaire. This leads to an ambiguity in interpretation if a high score on an attitude questionnaire can be obtained only by agreeing with all or most items.

Answer 68

acquiescent response set

Question 69

Cognitive style that is rigid and intolerant and predisposes people to be prejudiced characterised by isolation of contradictory belief systems from one another, resistance to belief change in the light of new information and appeals to authority to justify the correctness of existing beliefs

Answer 69

Dogmatism

Question 70

Bob Altemeyer approached authoritarianism as a collection of attitudes, with three components:

Answer 70

1 conventionalism – adherence to societal conventions that are endorsed by established authorities; 2 authoritarian aggression – support for aggression towards social deviants; and 3 authoritarian submission – submission to society’s established authorities.

Question 71

Theory that attributes prejudice to an individual’s acceptance of an ideology that legitimises ingroupserving hierarchy and domination, and rejects egalitarian ideologies. explains the extent to which people accept or reject societal ideologies or myths that legitimise hierarchy and discrimination or that legitimise equality and fairness

Answer 71

Social dominance theory

Question 72

Theory that attributes social stasis to people’s adherence to an ideology that justifies and protects the status quo.

Answer 72

System justification theory

Question 73

The theory that similar beliefs promote liking and social harmony among people while dissimilar beliefs produce dislike and prejudice.

Answer 73

Belief congruence theory

Question 74

Experimental methodology to investigate the effect of social categorization alone on behaviour.

Answer 74

Minimal group paradigm

Question 75

The behavioural expression of prejudice.

Answer 75

Discrimination