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SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY > CHAPTER 10: PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION > Flashcards

CHAPTER 10: PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION Flashcards

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1
Q

Unfavourable attitude towards a social group and its members.

literally means ‘prejudgement’ (from the Latin prae and judicium)

A

Prejudice

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2
Q

Stripping people of their dignity and humanity.

A

Dehumanisation

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3
Q

The ultimate expression of prejudice by exterminating an entire social group.

A

Genocide

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4
Q

An attitude consists of cognitive, affective and behavioural components. This threefold division has an ancient heritage, stressing thought, feeling and action as basic to human experience.

A

Three-component attitude model

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5
Q

one of the components of the Three-component model that are about beliefs about a group

A

Cognitive

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6
Q

one of the components of the Three-component model: strong feelings (usually negative) about a group and the qualities it is believed to possess;

A

Affective

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7
Q

one of the components of the Three-component model: intentions to behave in certain ways towards a group

A

conative

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8
Q

Rupert Brown defines prejudice as:

A

the holding of derogatory social attitudes or cognitive beliefs, the expression of negative affect, or the display of hostile or discriminatory behaviour towards members of a group on account of their membership of that group.

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9
Q

the relationship between prejudiced beliefs and the practice of discrimination

A

attitude–behaviour relationship

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10
Q

Prejudice and discrimination against people based on their gender.

A

Sexism

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11
Q

four major female subtypes in Western cultures:

A

housewife, sexy woman, = embody attributes of warmth and sociability

career woman and feminist/athlete/lesbian= attributes of competence

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12
Q

Behaviour deemed sexstereotypically appropriate

A

Sex role

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13
Q

Mainly applied to the gender gap in leadership – because social stereotypes of women are inconsistent with people’s schemas of effective leadership, women are evaluated as poor leaders.

A

role congruity theory

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14
Q

Sex-stereotypical attributes of a person.

A

Gender

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15
Q

One reason why sex stereotypes persist is that

A

role assignment according to gender persists

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16
Q

An invisible barrier that prevents women, and minorities, from attaining top leadership positions.

A

Glass ceiling

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17
Q

A tendency for women rather than men to be appointed to precarious leadership positions associated with a high probability of failure and criticism.

A

Glass cliff

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18
Q

Media depiction that gives greater prominence to the head and less prominence to the body for men, but vice versa for women.

A

Face-ism

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19
Q

violation of gender stereotypes can result in social and economic reprisal – called

A

backlash

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20
Q

Sik Hung Ng has noted another subtle form of sexism in the use of the__________which is define as people’s use of the masculine pronouns (he, him, his, etc.) and terms such as ‘mankind’ when they are talking about people in general

A

Generic Masculine

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21
Q

a successful performance by a man tends to be attributed to ______, while an identical performance by a woman is attributed to ________

A

ability; luck or the ease of the task

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22
Q

involves systematically appointing properly qualified minorities to positions in which they are historically underrepresented (e.g. senior management in organisations, senior government positions), with the aim of making such positions appear more attainable for minorities

A

Affirmative action

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23
Q

benevolent attitudes (heterosexual attraction, protection, gender role complementarity) towards _____________

A

traditional women (e.g. pink-collar job holders, ‘sexy chicks’, housewives)

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24
Q

hostile attitudes (heterosexual hostility, domination, competition) towards _____________

A

non-traditional women (e.g. career women, feminists, athletes, lesbians).

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25
Q

Prejudice and discrimination against people based on their ethnicity or race.

A

racism

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26
Q

People may still be racist at heart, but in a different way – they may represent and express racism differently, perhaps more subtly . This new form of racism has been called

A

Aversive racism, Modern racism, symbolic racism and ambivalent racism

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27
Q

deep-seated racial antipathy expresses itself as overt racism when the situation is one in which egalitarian values are weak

A

aversive racism

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28
Q

negative feelings about blacks (based on early learnt racial fears and stereotypes) blend with moral values embodied in the Protestant ethic to justify some anti-black attitudes and therefore legitimise their expression.

A

symbolic racism

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29
Q

reflect how people resolve an underlying antipathy based on race with their belief in equality between groups – in essence, it is a type of cognitive dissonance resolution process

A

modern or subtle forms of racism

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30
Q

Reaction-time test to measure attitudes – particularly unpopular attitudes that people might conceal.

A

Implicit association test

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31
Q

Susan Mitchell (2002) identified four distinct generational stereotypes that may be partly attributable to real changes in behaviour due to ageing, but are also influenced by value differences in your social environment during early adult development:

A

Traditionalist
Baby boomers
Generation X
Millenials (Genration Y)

32
Q

born between 1925 and 1945, are practical; patient, loyal and hardworking; respectful of authority; and rule followers.

A

Traditionalists

33
Q

born between 1946 and 1960, are optimistic; value teamwork and cooperation; are ambitious; and are workaholic.

A

Baby boomers

34
Q

born between 1961 and 1980, are sceptical, self-reliant risk-takers who balance work and personal life.

A

Generation X

35
Q

born between 1981 and 1999, are hopeful; they value meaningful work, diversity and change; and are technologically savvy.

A

Millennials (Generation Y)

36
Q

Prejudice and discrimination against people based on their age

A

Ageism

37
Q

comon stereotypes or subtypes of elderly people

A

conservative (patriotic, religious, nostalgic),

the small-town neighbour (frugal, quiet, conservative),

the perfect grandparent (wise, kind, happy),

the golden-ager (adventurous, sociable, successful),

the despondent (depressed, neglected),

the severely impaired (incompetent, feeble) and

the shrew/curmudgeon (bitter, complaining, prejudiced)

38
Q

It was only in ______________ that the American Psychiatric Association formally removed homosexuality from its list of mental disorders

A

1973

39
Q

Another facet of prejudice against the mentally ill is the use of the ‘_____________ to dehumanise and justify discrimination against minority-status groups as a whole.

A

mad’ label

40
Q

three types of behaviour that do not look obviously like discrimination but nevertheless may conceal underlying prejudices:

A

reluctance to help, tokenism and reverse discrimination.

41
Q

The practice of publicly making small concessions to a minority group in order to deflect accusations of prejudice and discrimination.

a relatively small or trivial positive act, a token, towards members of a minority group

(‘Don’t bother me, haven’t I already done enough?)

A

Tokenism

42
Q

The practice of publicly being prejudiced in favour of a minority group in order to deflect accusations of prejudice and discrimination against that group.

People with residual prejudiced attitudes may sometimes go out of their way to favour members of a group against which they are prejudiced more than members of other groups

A

Reverse Discrimination

43
Q

Group attributes that mediate a negative social evaluation of people belonging to the group

A

Stigma

44
Q

The subjective experience of stigma hinges on two factors:

A

visibility/concealability and controllability.

45
Q

the outcome of an adaptive cognitive process that helps us avoid poor social exchange partners who may threaten our access to resource or who, by virtue of being different, may carry communicable pathogens.

A

Stigmatisation

46
Q

Feeling that we will be judged and treated in terms of negative stereotypes of our group, and that we will inadvertently confirm these stereotypes through our behaviour.

A

Stereotype threa

47
Q

Expectations and assumptions about a person that influence our interaction with that person and eventually change their behaviour in line with our expectations.

A

Self-fulfilling prophecy

48
Q

Dehumanisation was first explored scientifically by

A

Herbert Kelman

49
Q

It is a process through which people are denied membership in a community of interconnected individuals and are cast outside the ‘moral circle’, to a place where the rights and considerations attached to being human no longer apply

A

Dehumanisation

50
Q

refers to attributes that distinguish humans from other animals, such as refinement, civility, morality and higher cognition.

A

Human uniqueness

51
Q

When people are denied human uniqueness,they are likened to animals and seen as childlike, immature, coarse, irrational or backward

A

animalistic dehumanisation

52
Q

refers to attributes that are shared and fundamental features of humanity, such as emotionality, agency, warmth and cognitive flexibility

A

Human Nature

53
Q

When people are denied human nature attributes,they are explicitly or implicitly likened to objects or machines and seen as cold, rigid, inert and lacking emotion and agency. Dehumanisation may have a un

A

Mechanistic Dehumanisation

54
Q

Pervasive tendency to consider behaviour to reflect underlying and immutable, often innate, properties of people or the groups they belong to.

A

Essentialism

55
Q

Another form of genocide (although ‘ethnic death’ is a more appropriate term to distinguish it from the brutality of the Holocaust) is ______________________ in which entire cultural groups may disappear as discrete entities through widespread intermarriage and systematic suppression of their culture and language

A

cultural assimilation

56
Q

The most extreme form of legitimised prejudice is___________

A

genocide

57
Q

Repeated exposure to an object results in greater attraction to that object.

A

Mere exposure effect

58
Q

The transmission of parental prejudices can occur through

A

parental modelling

59
Q

Theory that all frustration leads to aggression, and all aggression comes from frustration. Used to explain prejudice and intergroup aggression.

A

Frustration–aggression hypothesis

60
Q

The target of aggression is usually the perceived agent of frustration, but in many cases the agent of frustration is….

A

amorphous (e.g. a bureaucracy),

indeterminate (the economy),

too powerful (someone very big and strong wielding a weapon),

unavailable (a specific individual bureaucrat) or

someone you love (a parent)

61
Q

Individual or group that becomes the target for anger and frustration caused by a different individual or group or some other set of circumstances.

A

Scapegoat

62
Q

Psychodynamic concept referring to the transfer of negative feelings on to an individual or group other than that which originally caused the negative feelings.

A

Displacement

63
Q

The behaviour of people en masse – such as in a crowd, protest or riot.

A

Collective behaviour

64
Q

A sense of having less than we feel entitled to

A

relative deprivatio

65
Q

Personality syndrome originating in childhood that predisposes individuals to be prejudiced.

A

authoritarian personality

66
Q

Evaluative preference for all aspects of our own group relative to other groups.

A

Ethnocentrism

67
Q

originally intended to measure tendencies towards fascism, it was treated as a more general measure of authoritarianism.

A

California F-scale

68
Q

Tendency to agree with items in an attitude questionnaire. This leads to an ambiguity in interpretation if a high score on an attitude questionnaire can be obtained only by agreeing with all or most items.

A

acquiescent response set

69
Q

Cognitive style that is rigid and intolerant and predisposes people to be prejudiced

characterised by isolation of contradictory belief systems from one another, resistance to belief change in the light of new information and appeals to authority to justify the correctness of existing beliefs

A

Dogmatism

70
Q

Bob Altemeyer approached authoritarianism as a collection of attitudes, with three components:

A

1 conventionalism – adherence to societal conventions that are endorsed by established authorities;

2 authoritarian aggression – support for aggression towards social deviants; and

3 authoritarian submission – submission to society’s established authorities.

71
Q

Theory that attributes prejudice to an individual’s acceptance of an ideology that legitimises ingroupserving hierarchy and domination, and rejects egalitarian ideologies.

explains the extent to which people accept or reject societal ideologies or myths that legitimise hierarchy and discrimination or that legitimise equality and fairness

A

Social dominance theory

72
Q

Theory that attributes social stasis to people’s adherence to an ideology that justifies and protects the status quo.

A

System justification theory

73
Q

The theory that similar beliefs promote liking and social harmony among people while dissimilar beliefs produce dislike and prejudice.

A

Belief congruence theory

74
Q

Experimental methodology to investigate the effect of social categorization alone on behaviour.

A

Minimal group paradigm

75
Q

The behavioural expression of prejudice.

A

Discrimination

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY (4 decks)

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