Chapter 10 PERFORMANCE Flashcards
How does working in the presence of others affect performance?
social facilitation
How does working with others (towards a collective goal) affect performance>
social loafing
When do groups outperform individuals?
Steiners task types and synergy
What did Triplett suggest about how people perform when others are present?
people perform better/faster when others are present (social facilitation), but acknowledged some potential confounds. (May be faster in groups because of drafting)
Fere showed male _______ ________ increased in presence of others engaged in same activity (vs alone)
handgrip strength
What are coaction situations?
situations in which others are performing similar tasks.. thus improving your performance
What are audience effects?
one simply watched the individual perform
men lifted more when watched
However, some studies have even reported ______ ________ - slower or poorer performance
slower or poorer
What did Zajonc find about social facilitation?
1965
Zajonc posited that these differences were causes by differences in task designs
Social facilitation was evident with simpler tasks
- involving well learned, automatic responses (DOMINANT)
but NOT complex tasks
- involving novel or complicated tasks (NON DOMINANT RESPONSEs)
What does drive theory propose?
Zajonc
being in the presence of others increases arousal, which potentiates dominant responses - those are learned or automatic
THUS, facilitation for simple task, but inhibition for more complex tasks
Draw Zajons conceptual model (theory of social facilitation)
MODEL HAS MEDIATORS AND MODERTAORS
presence of others
dominant responses increase and non dominant responses decrease
Task requires dom resp
Task requires nondom resp
social facilitation
social in hibition
Performance gain
Performance loss
Hazel Markus experiment
had participants perform well vs poor learned tasks
–> tying shoes vs. lab coat tied at the back
Alone vs presence of others…
What is distraction-conflict theory?
attention divdied between task and other individual
division –> attentional conflict and drive/arousal
such attention may also explain findings:
distraction from the attentional conflict may interfere with perofrmance more on complex than simple tasks
T/F
Social facilitation also depend on whether performer is OR feels liek they are being _______ or evaluated
TRUE
Watched
What is self-presentation theory>
we striv eto make good impressions when others are watching us
What is evaluation apprehension theory?
experience teaches us that people reward and punish us based on how they evaluate us.
therefore.. when we feel we are being evaluated, we experience arousal and approach tasks apprehensively.
Can people differ in how they respond to evaluation?
YES
According to social orientation theory, people differe in their approach to social situations
- enthusiastic (+ orientation)
- apprehensive (- orientation)
T/F
Social facilitation or inhibition can occur in coaction situations or when audience is present
TRUE
T/F
Drive theory posits effects are driven by arousal, which promotes dominant or automatic learned responses
TRUE
improving simple but hindering complex-task performance
depends on whether people think they are being evaluated or not
strongly explained by individual differences in psotiive and negative social orientation
How does working with others affect performance accroding to rengelmann?
rengelmann suggested reduces in productivity can be the result of
coorindation loss (not timing the moment of max pull effort across all rope pullers)
Motivation loss, reduced effort in group (social loafing)
Latane, williams & harkins.. shouting study where subjects were blindfolded and worse headsets in groups of 6
a) told alone, actually alone - estimates potential
b) told in groups of 2/6, actual - estimates loss due to loafing and coordination
c) told in group of 2/6, actually alone. Estimatse loss due to loafing but NOT COORDINATION LOSS
What is the rengelmann effect?
in tasks where each persons performance can be added for a total group performance… there is loss of coordination, motivation.
Rengelmann effect
What are the ways to reduce social loafing?
a) increase identifiability
b) minimize free riding
c) set clear goals that are challenging
d) increase involvement
In groups, can we tell peopel to stop loafin?
they are often unaware or not willing to admit when loafing
NO we cant
