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Kin 163 > Chapter 10 Nutrition > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What is obesity in the US

What has happened to the rate

A

2 our of 3 adults are overweight or obese

Increasing over past 30 years

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2
Q

What are the ratios compared to obesity in 1986

A

1 in 200

Now is 1 in 50

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3
Q

What is the % that obesity has increased in children

A

25% by 2015

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4
Q

What is body mass index

A

KG / Height^2

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5
Q

What is considered a normal BMI

A

18.5 - 25.0

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6
Q

What are the positives of BMI

A

Screening device for both underweight and obesity which can be related to health problems

May be useful guide to body weight for average individual

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7
Q

What are the negatives of BMI

A

Does not evaluate body composition

Some people classified as overweight have low body fat - athletes

Some people classified as normal weight may have excess fat

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8
Q

What used to be the gold standard for measuring body composition

What is its SEM

A

Under water weighing

2 - 2.5%

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9
Q

What is now the gold standard for measuring body composition

A

Air displacement plethysmography

Reliable method in testing same subject over time

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10
Q

Skinfold techniques measure what

What is the SEM

Examples

A

Measures subcutaneous fat

3 - 4%

Practical method

Skinfold calipers
Ultrasound

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11
Q

What measures bone mineral, body mat and fat free mass

A

Dual energy xray absorptiometry

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12
Q

What are some other methods for measuring body composition

A

Bioelectrical impedance analysis - can be faulty due to fluids in body

Infrared interactance

Anthropometry

Multicomponent models - potential new gold standard

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13
Q

Less than 18.5 bmi is

A

May signal malnutrition or serious disease

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14
Q

Between 18.5 - 24.9 bmi is

A

Healthy weight range

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15
Q

What is 25 - 29.5 bmi is

A

Overweight

At increased risk for health problems

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16
Q

Above 30 bmi is

A

Obesity

More than 20 percent over healthy body weight

Poses high risk to health

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17
Q

35 - 40 bmi is considered

A

Morbib obesity

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18
Q

What causes obsity

A

Energy intake exceeds energy expenditure

Both genetic and environmental factors

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19
Q

Obese females possess how much fat

What about men

A

32+

25+

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20
Q

How much should females have for essential fat

What about men

A

12-15

2-5

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21
Q

What is android type obesity

A

Abdominal region

Visceral fat

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22
Q

What is gynoid type obesity

A

Gluteal femoral region

Hips, buttocks and thighs

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23
Q

Which type of obesity usually happens to males

What about females

WHich is more dangerous

A

Android

Gynoid

Android - near organs

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24
Q

Very low calorie diets involve

Can be successful when done…

When are they used

A

Less than 800 calories a day

Under medical supervision

Used as first step in weight loss programs

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25
Q

What are the possible problems with very low calorie diets

A

Weakness

Loss of libido

Decreased blood volume

Constipation

Decreased HDL

Cardiac arrhythmias

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26
Q

What are very low calorie diets best couple with

A

Lifestyle changes

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27
Q

What are the major eating disorders

A

Disordered eating

Eating disorders:
Anorexia
Bulimia
Binge eating

28
Q

What is disordered eating

A

Less severe than full fledged eating disorders

29
Q

What type of disorder is anorexia nervosa

It has a strong…

A

Compulsive personality disorder

Strong genetic predisposition

30
Q

Anorexia involves the

A

Refusal to maintain body weight over a minimal normal weight for age and height

Fear of gaining weight or becoming fat

Disturbance in ones body weight and shape

Amenorrhea

31
Q

What is amenorrhea

A

Absence of at least three consecutive menstrual cycles in normally menstruating females

32
Q

What is the prevalence in anorexia

Mainly in

% of population

College students

A

Relatively low

Females under 25

1% or less

As high as 2%

33
Q

Anorexia has a strong..

Usually possess very low

A

Genetic predisposition

Identical and fraternal twins

Chronic self esteem

34
Q

What can anorexia lead to

A

Anemia

Decreased heart mass

High risk of suicide

35
Q

What is the treatment for anorexia

A

Hospitalisation and intensive psychiatric treatment

Mortality is high

36
Q

What is bulimia nervosa

A

Recurrent episode binge eating at least two per week for 3 months

Lack of control over eating during the binge

37
Q

What do people with bulimia usually do

A

Self induced vomiting

Laxatives

Fasting

Excessive exercise to control body weight

38
Q

What do people with bulimia persistently concern about

A

Body weight and body shape

39
Q

Bulimia is also reffered to as

Has to involve

Where there is a lack of

A

Morbid hunger

Involves purging

Control in the impulse to binge

40
Q

What % of populations have bulimia

College students

A

2-3%

10%

41
Q

What are the medical consequences associated with bulimia due to vomiting and laxatives

A

Erosion of tooth enamel

Tears in esophagus

Electrolyte imbalances

42
Q

What is the treatment for bulimia

A

Psychological counseling may help

Prozac use

43
Q

What is Binge eating disorder:

A

Eat quickly than usual during binge episodes

Eat until they are uncomfortably full

Eat when not hungry

Eat alone due to embarrassment

Feel disgusted, depressed or guilty after eating

44
Q

What is the difference between binge eating disorders and bulimia

A

Bulimia involves purging while BED does not

45
Q

What are the health consequences of BED

A

Weight gain and obesity

Increased risk of CHD and cancer

46
Q

What is the treatment for BED

A

Same as bulimia

47
Q

What are eating disorders in sport

What does it involve

A

Anorexia athletica

Weight loss as an ergogenic aid

48
Q

What are the 5 set criteria of anorexia athletica

A

Excessive fear of obesity

Restriciton of caloric intake

Weight loss

No medical disorder to explain leanness

Gastrointestinal complaints

49
Q

What other criteria may occur due to anorexia athletica

A

Compulsive exercising

Binge eating

Purging

Delayed puberty

Menstrual dysfunction

50
Q

What does the NCAA say about % in college athletes with eating disorders

A

20-40% female

50-70% in sports like gymnastics

10% symptoms of bulimia

3% with anorexia

51
Q

When may symptoms of eating disorders go in athletes

A

At the end of season

52
Q

What does the female triad consist of

A

Disordered eating

Amenorrhea

Osteoporosis

53
Q

Disordered eating causes

A

Low energy availability

54
Q

Amenorrhea causes

A

Disturbance of hypothalamus, pituitary ovary axis

55
Q

Osteoporosis causes

A

Decreased estrogen from the ovaries

Low body fat so less conversion of androgens to estrogen

Estrogen is involved in bone metabolism

56
Q

What is the treatment for female athlete triad

A

Counsel with the athlete

Increase dietary energy intake

Decrease exercise associated energy expenditure

57
Q

Energy balance equation involves

A

Energy in ———– Energy out

58
Q

Energy in involves

A

Carbs, Fats, Protein, Alcohol

59
Q

Energy out involves

A

Basal metabolic rate

Thermic effect activity

T.E Food (10% of energy in)

60
Q

What do we control in the energy balance equation

A

All of energy in

We only really control activity in energy out

61
Q

What does an increase in muscle cause to slightly increase

A

Basal metabolic rate

62
Q

BMI is a measure of

A

Body fat

63
Q

What are the 4 main ways of purging

A

Fasting
Diuretics
Vomiting
Exercising

64
Q

What is the female hormone related to bone density and menstrual cycle problems

A

Estrogen

65
Q

What is DISORDERED eating

A

Rigid rules

Restrict some of your nutrition

66
Q

What is suppose to be the ideal percent of fat tissue in:

Males
Females

A

15%

25%

67
Q

What groups of people are more at risk of eating disorders

A

College students

Female athletes

College females athletes

Kin 163 (17 decks)

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