Chapter 10 - Motivation

Question 1

Motivation

Answer 1

• the causes of behaviour

- the conscious or unconscious forces that lead to certain acts

Question 2

Reflex

Answer 2

• simple, unlearned stimulus-response link

Question 3

Instincts

Answer 3

• complex, species-specific, relatively unmodifiable patterns of behaviour
• eg. migration or nesting patterns

Question 4

Imprinting

Answer 4

• unlearned, instinct-like behaviours that are not present at birth
• become part of an animal’s repertoire after exposure to a suitable stimulus during a critical period

Question 5

Critical period

Answer 5

• a period in development during which exposure to appropriate experiences or stimuli will bring about imprinting

Question 6

Psychological hedonism

Answer 6

• the belief that humans act primarily to avoid pain and to obtain pleasure

Question 7

Drive

Answer 7

• the tendency to behave that is brought about by an unsatisfied need

Question 8

Incentive motivation

Answer 8

• general term for the branch of motivational research concerned with how goals are valued by the individual

Question 9

Metaneeds

Answer 9

• higher needs concerned with psychological and self-related functions rather than with biology
• knowing truth, beauty, justice, and to self-actualize

Question 10

Self-actualization

Answer 10

• the process or act of becoming oneself, developing one’s potential, of achieving an awareness of one’s identity, or of self-fulfillment

Question 11

Yerkes-Dodson law

Answer 11

• the effectiveness of performance is an inverted U-shaped function of arousal
• very low and very high levels of arousal are associated with least effective behaviour

Question 12

Arousal theory

Answer 12

• a motivational theory that looks at how intensity of motivation is related to physiological changes

Question 13

Cue function

Answer 13

• the message function of a stimulus

- the aspect of the stimulus that tells the organism how it should react

Question 14

Arousal function

Answer 14

• the motivating function of a stimulus

- the aspect of the stimulus that relates to attention or alertness

Question 15

Cognitive dissonance

Answer 15

• a state of conflict involving beliefs, behaviours, or expectations
• important motive for behaviour

Question 16

Extrinsic motives

Answer 16

• a motive associated with external sources of reinforcement

- eg. food, money, high grades, praise, etc.

Question 17

Intrinsic motives

Answer 17

• a motive associated with internal sources of reinforcement

- eg. satisfaction, feelings of competence and worth

Question 18

Self-determination theory

Answer 18

• people need to feel self-determined, to feel autonomous and competent, and to develop close relations with others
• highly compatible with attribution theory

Question 19

Attribution theory

Answer 19

• looks for regularities in the ways in which people attribute things that happen to certain internal or external causes

Question 20

Entity theory

Answer 20

• belief that an ability is a fixed, unchanging entity

- associated with performance goals

Question 21

Incremental theory

Answer 21

• belief that ability is malleable through work and effort

- associated with mastery goals

Question 22

Locus of control

Answer 22

• individual’s tendency to attribute responsibility for behaviour and its outcome to external sources or internal sources

Question 23

Performance goals

Answer 23

• a goal directed toward performing well rather than toward mastering a subject and increasing one’s competence

Question 24

Mastery goals

Answer 24

• a goal direct toward increasing one’s personal competence

Question 25

Need for achievement

Answer 25

• expression for a personality characteristic evident in an individual’s apparent need to achieve success and to avoid failure

Question 26

Self-efficacy

Answer 26

• judgements we make about how effective we are in given situations
• important in determining an individual’s choice of activities and in influencing the amount of interest and effort expended

Question 27

Reciprocal determinism

Answer 27

• personal characteristics, behaviour, and the environmental all affect each other reciprocally
• individuals are both products and producers of their environment

Question 28

Expectancy-value theory

Answer 28

• describes decision making as involving a sort of mental calculus where the most important factors are expectancy of success on the one hand the values associated with the various options on the other

Question 29

Intellectual styles

Answer 29

• general term meant to include learning styles, personality styles, behavioural differences, and other apparent preferences that affect how the individual thinks, acts, and learns