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Biochemistry > Chapter 10 Mineral metabolism > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Mineral metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Sulphur mostly occurs in ____ form?

A

Organic

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2
Q

All GAGs are Sulphur containing except?

A

Hyaluronic acid

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3
Q

Name 3 sulfur containing amino acids?

A

Methionine
Cysteine
Cystine

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4
Q

Amino acids perform structure and functional role of proteins due to what?

A

Disulfide linkages
Sulfhydryl groups

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5
Q

______ is a sulphur containing compound made up of 3 amino acids?

A

Glutathione
(Made of Cysteine, glutamic acid, glycine)

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6
Q

An amino sulfonic acid that is a bile acid congugate?

A

Taurocholic acid

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7
Q

Name some vitamins containing sulfur?

A

Thiamine
Biotine
Lipoic acid
CoA of pentothenic acid

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8
Q

Methionine performs which reaction?

A

Transmethylation reaction (in form of S-adenosyl methionine)

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9
Q

What is PAPS?

A

PhosphoAdenosinePhosphoSulfate

(Active sulfate)
1.For synthesis of GAGs
2.Detoxification mechanism

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10
Q

Sulfur is oxidised to sulfate in?

A

Liver

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11
Q

Consititution of sulfur in urine?

A

1.Inorganic sulfate -80%
2.Organic/Congugate/ethereal sulfate -10%
3.Unoxidized sulfur- 10%

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12
Q

Unoxidized sulfur containing amino acid in urine?

A

Thyocyante

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13
Q

Compostion of plasma chloride?

A

Normal plasma
95 - 105 mEq/l

CSF
125
(Chloride level increases as protein content decreases)
Donnan membrane equilibrium

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14
Q

What is Donnan membrane equilibrium?

A

Donnan membrane equilibrium, refers to the distribution of ions across a semipermeable membrane due to the presence of charged particles on one side of the membrane

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15
Q

Diseases associated with chloride?

A
  1. Hypochloremia
    (Low serum Cl-)
    (Respiratory alkalosis)
    Addison’s disease
  2. Hyperchloremia
    (high serum Cl-)
    (Respiratory acidosis)
    Cushing’s disease
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16
Q

Postrate gland is rich in?

A

Zinc

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17
Q

Zinc acts as _______?
And Which zinc compound protects against free radicals?

A
  1. Antioxidant
  2. Superoxide dimutase
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18
Q

Zinc is absorbed in ?

A

Duodenum

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19
Q

Absorption of zinc and copper depends on which transport protein?

A

Metallothionein

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20
Q

Zinc containing protein for taste sensation?

A

Gusten

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21
Q

1.Acrodermatitis enteropathica is associated with?

  1. Wilson’s disease is associated with? What is its characteristic?
  2. Menke’s disease is assiciated with?
  3. What is fluorosis associated with?
  4. What is genu valgum associated with?
  5. Keshan disease is associated with?
  6. Kashin-Beck disease is associated with?
A

Absorption defect of zinc

(Acrodermatitis enteropathica is a rare genetic disorder that affects the body’s ability to absorb zinc. It can lead to symptoms like skin rashes, diarrhea, and impaired growth.
Treatment usually involves lifelong zinc supplementation to manage the condition.)

  1. Copper
    ( that leads to the accumulation of copper in the body, particularly in the liver and brain.
    This can cause various symptoms such as liver problems, neurological issues, and psychiatric disturbances. Treatment: pencillamine administration—– Cu-chelating agent
    — most imp characteristic—–deposit of Cu around cornea—Kayser-Fleischer rings
  2. Copper
    Defect in intestinal abosrption of copper in the body.
    — Cu trapped in metallothionien in intestinal cells
    — depigmentation of hair
  3. Fluoride

( excessive intake of fluoride—– discoloration and weakening of the teeth, as well as skeletal changes in severe cases.)

  1. Fluoride excessive intake
    (Genu valgum, also known as “knock knees,” is a condition where the knees touch each other while the feet are apart.)
  2. Selenium deficiency
    (Keshan disease is a heart condition that primarily affects children and women in certain regions with selenium-deficient soil.
    It is characterized by inflammation and damage to the heart muscle, leading to heart failure.)
  3. Selenium deficiency
    (Kaschin-Beck disease, also known as KBD, is a chronic degenerative joint disorder that primarily affects the bones and cartilage in the hands, wrists, and knees (oseteoarthropathy) )
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22
Q

What are the 3 non-enzymatic proteins that have copper as constituent?

A
  1. Hepatocuprein - liver
  2. Cerebrocuprein - brain
  3. Hemocuprein - RBC
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23
Q

Ceruloplasmin is a compound of?

A

Copper

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24
Q

Ceruloplasmin acts as ____?

A

Ferroxidase
Converts iron (transferrin) from:
Fe+2 —– Fe+3

25
Q

What is menke’s disease?

A

Due to
Defect in intestinal absorption of Copper
Copper trapped in metallothionein

-grey hair
-hypopigmentation of skin
-anaemia

26
Q

What is wilson’s disease? What is the treatment?

A

Due to disturbed copper metabolism
-failure of ceruloplasmin synthesis
- loss of binding capacity of copper protein

Copper deposits in liver and brain
Copper deposits around cornea - Kayser Fleischer rings

Treatment
Pencillamine administration

27
Q

Which enzyme causes cross linking of collagen and elastin? And how? And which mineral does it have?

A
  1. Lysyl oxidase
  2. Lysine ——- Allysine
  3. Copper
28
Q

Which mineral is responsible for Hb synthesis being a part of ALA synthase?

A

Copper

29
Q

Wilson’s disease and Menke’s disease are associated with?

A

Copper

30
Q

Calcium is absorbed in?
Phosphorus in?

A

Calcium —- duodenum
Phosphorus — jejunum

31
Q

Which mineral prevents dental carries?

A

Fluorine

32
Q

Sodium fluoride inhibits _____
And fluoroacetate inhibits ____?

A
  1. Enolase (of glycolysis)
  2. Aconitase (of citric acid cycle)
33
Q

What is plasma calcium level?

A

9-11 mg/dl

34
Q

Parathyroid harmones acts on which 3 tissues?

A

Bones
Kidneys
Intestine

35
Q

Which enzyme is antagonistic to parathyroid harmone?

A

Calcitonin **
(decreases calcium in blood)

(While PTH increases calcium in blood)

36
Q

What is another name for osteopetrosis?

A

Marble bone disease

37
Q

What is osteopetrosis?

A

Increased bone density

38
Q

Renal threshold for chloride?

A

110 mEq/L

39
Q

Plasma chloride is present most abundantly in?

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

40
Q
  1. Total content of iron in adult blood?
  2. Name 3 heme proteins & 3 non-heme proteins?
  3. Sources of iron?
    Rich
    Good
    Poor
  4. Iron is mainly absorbed in?
  5. About _____% dietry iron is absorbed normally?
A

1.3-5g
70%—– in eryhthrocytes as hemoglobin
5%—–in muscles as myoglobin

2.heme iron
Hemoglobin
Myoglobin
Cytochromes

Non-heme iron
Transferrin
Ferritin
Hemosiderin

  1. Sources;
    Rich—organ meat(liver, heart, kidney)
    Good—leafy veges, fish ,cereals
    Poor—milk, wheat, polished rice
  2. In;
    Stomach
    Duodenum
    Upper jejunum
  3. 10%
41
Q
  1. In which form is iron present in food & which form is absorbable?
  2. What is steatorrhea? Cause
  3. Which factor decreases Fe absorption?
  4. What factors interfere with iron absorption?
  5. What happens to iron absorption in iron deficiency anemia?
A
  1. In food—-ferric (Fe3+)
    Released by gastric HCl
    Converted to Soluble form —-ferrous (Fe2+) by;
    Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)
    Cysteine
  2. Steatorrhea is a condition where there is excessive fat in the stool, resulting in greasy and foul-smelling feces.
    Cause—-malabsorption of iron
  3. High phosphate content
  4. Phytate—-in cereals
    Oxalate—-in leafy vegetables
  5. Increased to 2-10 times
42
Q
  1. Mucosal block theory is the phenomenon of?
    What is it?
  2. Iron entering the muscosal cells is converted to?
  3. Which is the storage form of iron? Maximum iron content in each?
    Which is the transport form of iron?
  4. Each Transferrin can bind to how many atoms of iron?
  5. What is total iron binding capacity?
A
  1. Iron
    Phenomenon of regulating iron absorption
  2. Ferric form (Fe+3)
    By enzyme ferroxidase
    Then combines with apoferritin—–ferritin
    (Temporary storage form of iron)
  3. Storage form
    •Ferritin (temporary in mucosal cells) but stores
    Iron in liver, spleen bone marrow
    — max iron content—25%
    •hemosiderin iron-storage protein
    — max iron content—35%

Transport
•Transferrin

  1. With 2 atoms of ferric iron (Fe+3)
  2. 250mg/dl of plasma transferrin——-binds to—-400mg/dl or iron
43
Q
  1. Why iron is a one-way substance?
  2. Treatment of iron deficiency?
  3. What is bronze diabetes?
  4. What is hemochromatosis?
  5. What is hemosiderosis? Also called?
A
  1. Bcz once entered it can’t leave the body. Utilized & reutilized. Iron is. NOT excreted in urine
  2. By supplying iron along with
    Folic acid &
    Vitamin C
  3. Bronze diabetes, also known as bronze skin disease or hemochromatosis-related diabetes, is a term used to describe the combination of diabetes mellitus and the bronze discoloration of the skin that can occur in individuals with hemochromatosis. It is a rare complication of hemochromatosis.
  4. Hemochromatosis is a genetic disorder where the body absorbs too much iron from food, leading to direct iron deposition in organs like the liver, heart, and pancreas.
    Occurs with;
    •Bronze pigmentation of skin
    •Cirrhosis of liver (scarred & damaged)
  5. Hemosiderosis—-excessive iron in body (iron toxicity)
    When repeated blood transfusions.
44
Q
  1. Causes of iron deficiency anemia?
  2. Who is more prone to it?
  3. It is characterized by?
A

Defective absorption of iron
Blood loss
Hook worm infections ( parasites that attach to the lining of the small intestine and feed on blood. They can cause anemia )

  1. Vegetarians bcz of inhibitors of iron absorption in veg food
  2. Microcytic hypochromic anemia (reduced blood Hb levels <12g/dl)
    Microcytic hypochromic anemia refers to a type of anemia characterized by small and pale red blood cells.
    It can be caused by various factors, including iron deficiency.
45
Q
  1. Iodine content in total body?
  2. Importance of iodine?
  3. Which thyroid hormone is more active?
  4. Sources of iodine
  5. Normal conc of plasma iodine? Most of it is present as?
A
  1. 20mg
    80%—– thyroid gland
    Other—- muscles, salivary gland & ovaries
  2. For synthesis of thyroid hormones
    Thyroxine T4
    Triiodothyronine T3
    ( produced by the thyroid gland.
    Thyroxine plays a role in regulating metabolism and growth, while triiodothyronine is more potent and also involved in metabolism and development.)
  3. T3 is more active than T4

4.
Iodine can be found in various food sources such as
seafood,
seaweed,
dairy products,
eggs, and
iodized salt.
Drinking water
Veges
Fruits grown on seaboard (bcz high altitude deficient in iodine)

  1. 4-10ug/dl
    As PBI- Protein Bound Iodine
46
Q
  1. What is hypothyroidism?
  2. What is hyperthyroidism?
  3. Disorders related to iodine metabolism?
  4. What is goitre?
  5. What are simple goitre and toxic goitre?
A

1.In hypothyroidism, the thyroid gland doesn’t produce enough thyroid hormones, including the ones that contain iodine. (PBI—-decreases)
This can lead to a decrease in the utilization of iodine, resulting in lower levels of iodine in the body.

  1. Hyperthyroidism is a condition where the thyroid gland produces an excessive amount of thyroid hormones. It can lead to symptoms such as weight loss, rapid heartbeat, and irritability.
  2. These include iodine deficiency disorders (IDD), which occur when there is insufficient iodine intake,hypothyroidism—- leading to conditions like
    goiter and cretinism.

On the other hand, excessive iodine intake can result in conditions like
iodine-induced hyperthyroidism.

  1. Goitre is a condition where the thyroid gland becomes enlarged.
    It can be caused by various factors, including iodine deficiency or certain thyroid disorders.
    It can sometimes be visible as a swelling in the neck.
    (In goitre, the thyroid gland becomes enlarged as a compensatory response to iodine deficiency or other factors affecting thyroid hormone production. The enlargement is the gland’s way of trying to produce more hormones.)
  2. Simple goitre, ( as non-toxic goitre), refers to
    an enlarged thyroid gland that does not produce excessive thyroid hormones. It is usually caused by iodine deficiency.

, toxic goitre, ( as toxic nodular goitre or toxic multinodular goitre), is an enlarged thyroid gland that produces excessive thyroid hormones.
This can lead to symptoms of hyperthyroidism.

47
Q
  1. Iodine is mainly abdorbed from? And in which form?
  2. Normally ____ % dietry iodine is taken up by intestinal cells?
  3. What is iodothyroglobin?
  4. Excretion of iodine mostly occurs through?
A
  1. Small intestine —- as iodide
  2. 30%
  3. About 80% of iodine is stored in this organic form
    - a glycoprotein in thyroid gland
    - contains:
    •Thyroxine
    •Diiodotyrosine
    •Triiodothyronine
  4. Kidneys
48
Q
  1. Cobalt is an important constituent of?
  2. Administration of cobalt stimulates?
  3. Why prolonged adminsitration of cobalt is toxic?
  4. Cobalt content of vitamin B12 is about?
A
  1. Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)
  2. Production of hormone eryhthropoeitin(Erythropoietin is a hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow(erythropoesis). It is produced mainly by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels in the body.)
  3. Results in polycythemia
    (Increased RBC in blood)
  4. 4% by weight
49
Q
  1. Molybdenum is a constituent of?
  2. Molybdenum containing plant enzyme?
  3. What is molybdenosis??
  4. The most important affect of molybdenum?
  5. Dietry molybdenum absorbed by small intestine?
A
  1. Enzymes;
    Xanthine oxidase
    Sulfite oxidase
    Aldehyde oxidase
  2. Nitride reductase—-nitrogen fixation
  3. By excessive consumption of molybdenum
    - impairment in growth
    - diarrhea
    - anemia
    - decreased intestinal absorption of copper
  4. Decreases mobilization and utilization of copper in the body
  5. 60-70%
50
Q
  1. Total human body contains how much chromium? In blood?
  2. Chromium is a component of?
  3. Effect of chromium on cholesterol?
  4. Chromium affects on amino acids?
  5. Sources of chromium?
  6. Deficiency? Excess?
A
  1. 6mg
    Blood—-20ug/dl
  2. Protein chromodulin(facilitates the binding of insulin to receptor sites)
    So with insulin—–Cr causes utilization of glucose
  3. Lowers total serum cholesterol;
    As involved in lipid metabolism;
    Decreases LDL (bad lipoproteins)
    Increases HDL (good lipoproteins)
  4. Transports into the cells(heart & liver)
  5. Brewer’s yeast
    Grains
    Cereals
    Cheese
    Meat
  6. Deficiency—- disturbs lipids, proteins, carbs metabolism
    Excess—- liver & kidney damage
51
Q
  1. Chief cation of extracellular fluid?
  2. Main function of sodium?
  3. Dietry req. Of sodium?
  4. 10g of NaCl contains how much sodium?
  5. Normal plasma serum conc. Of sodium? & in cells?
A
  1. Sodium
    50%——bones
    40%——extracellular fluid
    10%—— soft tissues

2.
• Acid base balance
•Osmotic pressure & fluid balance
• initiating & maintaining heartbeat
• intestinal absorption of:
Glucose
Galactose
Aminoacids
• cell permeability

  1. 5-10g/day
    But for hypertension patients less than 5 (around 1g/day)
  2. 4 g
  3. 135-145 mEq/l
    (As it is extracellular cation so less in cells—-35mEq/l)
52
Q
  1. How much sodium/day is filtered by glomeruli? How much is reabsorbed?
  2. What are mineralocorticoids?
  3. What is addison’s disease?
    Seen in?
  4. What is Cushing’s disease?
    Seen in?
A
  1. 800 g —–filtered
    99% —- reabsorbed
  2. Mineralocorticoids are a group of hormones (e.g aldosterone) that are produced by the adrenal glands. They help regulate electrolyte balance and fluid levels in the body, particularly by controlling the reabsorption of sodium and the excretion of potassium in the kidneys.
  3. Addison’s disease, also known as adrenal insufficiency, is a condition where the adrenal glands do not produce enough hormones, including cortisol and aldosterone.
    —- low sodium
    —–high potassium
    (As no aldosterone to reabsorb sodium & excrete potassium)
    This can lead to symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, low blood pressure, and electrolyte imbalances.
    —-seen in hyponatremia (low serum sodium)
    —-overhydration
  4. Cushing’s disease is a condition caused by the overproduction of cortisol,
    (Hyperactivity of adrenal cortex) a hormone produced by the adrenal glands.
    ——- high sodium
    ——- low potassium
    (As more excretion of potassium and more reabsorption of sodium)
    It can result in symptoms such as weight gain, high blood pressure, muscle weakness, and changes in the appearance of the face and body.
    —– seen in hypernatremia
    —-(Dehydration)
53
Q
  1. Principal intracellular cation?
  2. Function of potassium?
  3. Dietry req of potassium?
  4. Plasma potassium?
  5. Sources?
A
  1. Potassium

2.
• Intracellular osmotic Pressure
•Pyruvate kinase (of glycolysis) is dependent on K+ for optimal activity
•Nerve imulse transmission
•Biosynthesis of protein
•Extracellular K+—-cardiac muscle activity

  1. 3-4g/day
  2. 3.4-5 mEq/l
    Whole blood —- 50 mEq/l
  3. Banana
    Pine apple
    Orange
    Tender coconut water— rich source
54
Q
  1. What is hypokalemia? And its characteristics?
  2. What is hyperkalemia? & characteristics?
A
  1. Low serum K+
    - Cushing’s syndrome (overactivity of adrenal cortex—-more excretion of K+)
    - trachychardia
    - flattened T-wave & prominent U- wave
  2. High serum K+
    - Addison’s syndrome (underactivity of adrenal cortex—less excretion of K+)
    - bradychardia
    - elevated T-wave
55
Q
  1. Total body content of manganese?
  2. Which organs are rich in manganese?
  3. Where is it found within cells?
  4. Dietry req of Mn?
  5. How much Absorption? & Where? & inhibited by?
A
  1. 15mg
  2. Liver & kidneys
  3. In nuclei in association with nucleic acids
  4. 2-9 mg/day
  5. 3-4% of dietry Mn
    In small intestine
    Inhibited by iron
56
Q
  1. How manganese occurs in serum?
  2. Functions of manganese?
  3. Disease states of Mn?
A
  1. Bound to a specific carrier protein—–transmagnanin
    (A B-globulin)
    —-5-20 mg/dl

2.
• Cofactors of enzymes
•Bone formation
•Reproduction
•Normal functioning of nervous system
• synthesis of;
i)- mucopolysaccharide & glycoproteins
ii)- hemoglobin
iii)- cholesterol

3.
• Retarded growth, bone deformity, sterility
•Fat in liver
•Increased serum alkaline phosphatase activity
•Decreased B-cells of pancreas activity (low insulin production)

57
Q
  1. Which is the 21st amino acid?
  2. How selenium protects the cells against H2O2?
  3. Which mineral along with vitamin E protects against hepatic necrosis?
  4. Which mineral containing enzyme converts T4 to T3 in thyroid gland.
  5. What is thioredoxin reductase?
A
  1. Selenocystein
  2. Se As selenocystein—-an essential component of enzyme glutathione peroxidase which protects against it.
  3. Selenium
  4. Selenium containing enzyme—-5’-deiodinase
  5. A selenoprotein—- involved in purine nucleotide metabolism
58
Q
  1. The mineral involved in regulating vitamin A levels?
  2. The mineral which has antioxidant properties?
A
  1. Zinc (retinol binding protein synthesis)
  2. Selenium ( like vitamin E)

Biochemistry (11 decks)

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