Chapter 10 Mineral metabolism Flashcards
Sulphur mostly occurs in ____ form?
Organic
All GAGs are Sulphur containing except?
Hyaluronic acid
Name 3 sulfur containing amino acids?
Methionine
Cysteine
Cystine
Amino acids perform structure and functional role of proteins due to what?
Disulfide linkages
Sulfhydryl groups
______ is a sulphur containing compound made up of 3 amino acids?
Glutathione
(Made of Cysteine, glutamic acid, glycine)
An amino sulfonic acid that is a bile acid congugate?
Taurocholic acid
Name some vitamins containing sulfur?
Thiamine
Biotine
Lipoic acid
CoA of pentothenic acid
Methionine performs which reaction?
Transmethylation reaction (in form of S-adenosyl methionine)
What is PAPS?
PhosphoAdenosinePhosphoSulfate
(Active sulfate)
1.For synthesis of GAGs
2.Detoxification mechanism
Sulfur is oxidised to sulfate in?
Liver
Consititution of sulfur in urine?
1.Inorganic sulfate -80%
2.Organic/Congugate/ethereal sulfate -10%
3.Unoxidized sulfur- 10%
Unoxidized sulfur containing amino acid in urine?
Thyocyante
Compostion of plasma chloride?
Normal plasma
95 - 105 mEq/l
CSF
125
(Chloride level increases as protein content decreases)
Donnan membrane equilibrium
What is Donnan membrane equilibrium?
Donnan membrane equilibrium, refers to the distribution of ions across a semipermeable membrane due to the presence of charged particles on one side of the membrane
Diseases associated with chloride?
-
Hypochloremia
(Low serum Cl-)
(Respiratory alkalosis)
Addison’s disease -
Hyperchloremia
(high serum Cl-)
(Respiratory acidosis)
Cushing’s disease
Postrate gland is rich in?
Zinc
Zinc acts as _______?
And Which zinc compound protects against free radicals?
- Antioxidant
- Superoxide dimutase
Zinc is absorbed in ?
Duodenum
Absorption of zinc and copper depends on which transport protein?
Metallothionein
Zinc containing protein for taste sensation?
Gusten
1.Acrodermatitis enteropathica is associated with?
- Wilson’s disease is associated with? What is its characteristic?
- Menke’s disease is assiciated with?
- What is fluorosis associated with?
- What is genu valgum associated with?
- Keshan disease is associated with?
- Kashin-Beck disease is associated with?
Absorption defect of zinc
(Acrodermatitis enteropathica is a rare genetic disorder that affects the body’s ability to absorb zinc. It can lead to symptoms like skin rashes, diarrhea, and impaired growth.
Treatment usually involves lifelong zinc supplementation to manage the condition.)
-
Copper
( that leads to the accumulation of copper in the body, particularly in the liver and brain.
This can cause various symptoms such as liver problems, neurological issues, and psychiatric disturbances. Treatment: pencillamine administration—– Cu-chelating agent
— most imp characteristic—–deposit of Cu around cornea—Kayser-Fleischer rings -
Copper
Defect in intestinal abosrption of copper in the body.
— Cu trapped in metallothionien in intestinal cells
— depigmentation of hair - Fluoride
( excessive intake of fluoride—– discoloration and weakening of the teeth, as well as skeletal changes in severe cases.)
-
Fluoride excessive intake
(Genu valgum, also known as “knock knees,” is a condition where the knees touch each other while the feet are apart.) -
Selenium deficiency
(Keshan disease is a heart condition that primarily affects children and women in certain regions with selenium-deficient soil.
It is characterized by inflammation and damage to the heart muscle, leading to heart failure.) -
Selenium deficiency
(Kaschin-Beck disease, also known as KBD, is a chronic degenerative joint disorder that primarily affects the bones and cartilage in the hands, wrists, and knees (oseteoarthropathy) )
What are the 3 non-enzymatic proteins that have copper as constituent?
- Hepatocuprein - liver
- Cerebrocuprein - brain
- Hemocuprein - RBC
Ceruloplasmin is a compound of?
Copper
Ceruloplasmin acts as ____?
Ferroxidase
Converts iron (transferrin) from:
Fe+2 —– Fe+3
What is menke’s disease?
Due to
Defect in intestinal absorption of Copper
Copper trapped in metallothionein
-grey hair
-hypopigmentation of skin
-anaemia
What is wilson’s disease? What is the treatment?
Due to disturbed copper metabolism
-failure of ceruloplasmin synthesis
- loss of binding capacity of copper protein
Copper deposits in liver and brain
Copper deposits around cornea - Kayser Fleischer rings
Treatment
Pencillamine administration
Which enzyme causes cross linking of collagen and elastin? And how? And which mineral does it have?
- Lysyl oxidase
- Lysine ——- Allysine
- Copper
Which mineral is responsible for Hb synthesis being a part of ALA synthase?
Copper
Wilson’s disease and Menke’s disease are associated with?
Copper
Calcium is absorbed in?
Phosphorus in?
Calcium —- duodenum
Phosphorus — jejunum
Which mineral prevents dental carries?
Fluorine
Sodium fluoride inhibits _____
And fluoroacetate inhibits ____?
- Enolase (of glycolysis)
- Aconitase (of citric acid cycle)
What is plasma calcium level?
9-11 mg/dl
Parathyroid harmones acts on which 3 tissues?
Bones
Kidneys
Intestine
Which enzyme is antagonistic to parathyroid harmone?
Calcitonin **
(decreases calcium in blood)
(While PTH increases calcium in blood)
What is another name for osteopetrosis?
Marble bone disease
What is osteopetrosis?
Increased bone density
Renal threshold for chloride?
110 mEq/L
Plasma chloride is present most abundantly in?
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
- Total content of iron in adult blood?
- Name 3 heme proteins & 3 non-heme proteins?
- Sources of iron?
Rich
Good
Poor - Iron is mainly absorbed in?
- About _____% dietry iron is absorbed normally?
1.3-5g
70%—– in eryhthrocytes as hemoglobin
5%—–in muscles as myoglobin
2.heme iron
Hemoglobin
Myoglobin
Cytochromes
Non-heme iron
Transferrin
Ferritin
Hemosiderin
- Sources;
Rich—organ meat(liver, heart, kidney)
Good—leafy veges, fish ,cereals
Poor—milk, wheat, polished rice - In;
Stomach
Duodenum
Upper jejunum - 10%
- In which form is iron present in food & which form is absorbable?
- What is steatorrhea? Cause
- Which factor decreases Fe absorption?
- What factors interfere with iron absorption?
- What happens to iron absorption in iron deficiency anemia?
- In food—-ferric (Fe3+)
Released by gastric HCl
Converted to Soluble form —-ferrous (Fe2+) by;
Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)
Cysteine - Steatorrhea is a condition where there is excessive fat in the stool, resulting in greasy and foul-smelling feces.
Cause—-malabsorption of iron - High phosphate content
-
Phytate—-in cereals
Oxalate—-in leafy vegetables - Increased to 2-10 times
- Mucosal block theory is the phenomenon of?
What is it? - Iron entering the muscosal cells is converted to?
- Which is the storage form of iron? Maximum iron content in each?
Which is the transport form of iron? - Each Transferrin can bind to how many atoms of iron?
- What is total iron binding capacity?
- Iron
Phenomenon of regulating iron absorption -
Ferric form (Fe+3)
By enzyme ferroxidase
Then combines with apoferritin—–ferritin
(Temporary storage form of iron) -
Storage form
•Ferritin (temporary in mucosal cells) but stores
Iron in liver, spleen bone marrow
— max iron content—25%
•hemosiderin iron-storage protein
— max iron content—35%
Transport
•Transferrin
- With 2 atoms of ferric iron (Fe+3)
- 250mg/dl of plasma transferrin——-binds to—-400mg/dl or iron
- Why iron is a one-way substance?
- Treatment of iron deficiency?
- What is bronze diabetes?
- What is hemochromatosis?
- What is hemosiderosis? Also called?
- Bcz once entered it can’t leave the body. Utilized & reutilized. Iron is. NOT excreted in urine
- By supplying iron along with
Folic acid &
Vitamin C - Bronze diabetes, also known as bronze skin disease or hemochromatosis-related diabetes, is a term used to describe the combination of diabetes mellitus and the bronze discoloration of the skin that can occur in individuals with hemochromatosis. It is a rare complication of hemochromatosis.
- Hemochromatosis is a genetic disorder where the body absorbs too much iron from food, leading to direct iron deposition in organs like the liver, heart, and pancreas.
Occurs with;
•Bronze pigmentation of skin
•Cirrhosis of liver (scarred & damaged) - Hemosiderosis—-excessive iron in body (iron toxicity)
When repeated blood transfusions.
- Causes of iron deficiency anemia?
- Who is more prone to it?
- It is characterized by?
Defective absorption of iron
Blood loss
Hook worm infections ( parasites that attach to the lining of the small intestine and feed on blood. They can cause anemia )
- Vegetarians bcz of inhibitors of iron absorption in veg food
-
Microcytic hypochromic anemia (reduced blood Hb levels <12g/dl)
Microcytic hypochromic anemia refers to a type of anemia characterized by small and pale red blood cells.
It can be caused by various factors, including iron deficiency.
- Iodine content in total body?
- Importance of iodine?
- Which thyroid hormone is more active?
- Sources of iodine
- Normal conc of plasma iodine? Most of it is present as?
-
20mg
80%—– thyroid gland
Other—- muscles, salivary gland & ovaries - For synthesis of thyroid hormones
Thyroxine T4
Triiodothyronine T3
( produced by the thyroid gland.
Thyroxine plays a role in regulating metabolism and growth, while triiodothyronine is more potent and also involved in metabolism and development.) - T3 is more active than T4
4.
Iodine can be found in various food sources such as
seafood,
seaweed,
dairy products,
eggs, and
iodized salt.
Drinking water
Veges
Fruits grown on seaboard (bcz high altitude deficient in iodine)
-
4-10ug/dl
As PBI- Protein Bound Iodine
- What is hypothyroidism?
- What is hyperthyroidism?
- Disorders related to iodine metabolism?
- What is goitre?
- What are simple goitre and toxic goitre?
1.In hypothyroidism, the thyroid gland doesn’t produce enough thyroid hormones, including the ones that contain iodine. (PBI—-decreases)
This can lead to a decrease in the utilization of iodine, resulting in lower levels of iodine in the body.
- Hyperthyroidism is a condition where the thyroid gland produces an excessive amount of thyroid hormones. It can lead to symptoms such as weight loss, rapid heartbeat, and irritability.
- These include iodine deficiency disorders (IDD), which occur when there is insufficient iodine intake,hypothyroidism—- leading to conditions like
goiter and cretinism.
On the other hand, excessive iodine intake can result in conditions like
iodine-induced hyperthyroidism.
- Goitre is a condition where the thyroid gland becomes enlarged.
It can be caused by various factors, including iodine deficiency or certain thyroid disorders.
It can sometimes be visible as a swelling in the neck.
(In goitre, the thyroid gland becomes enlarged as a compensatory response to iodine deficiency or other factors affecting thyroid hormone production. The enlargement is the gland’s way of trying to produce more hormones.) -
Simple goitre, ( as non-toxic goitre), refers to
an enlarged thyroid gland that does not produce excessive thyroid hormones. It is usually caused by iodine deficiency.
, toxic goitre, ( as toxic nodular goitre or toxic multinodular goitre), is an enlarged thyroid gland that produces excessive thyroid hormones.
This can lead to symptoms of hyperthyroidism.
- Iodine is mainly abdorbed from? And in which form?
- Normally ____ % dietry iodine is taken up by intestinal cells?
- What is iodothyroglobin?
- Excretion of iodine mostly occurs through?
- Small intestine —- as iodide
- 30%
- About 80% of iodine is stored in this organic form
- a glycoprotein in thyroid gland
- contains:
•Thyroxine
•Diiodotyrosine
•Triiodothyronine - Kidneys
- Cobalt is an important constituent of?
- Administration of cobalt stimulates?
- Why prolonged adminsitration of cobalt is toxic?
- Cobalt content of vitamin B12 is about?
- Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)
- Production of hormone eryhthropoeitin(Erythropoietin is a hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow(erythropoesis). It is produced mainly by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels in the body.)
- Results in polycythemia
(Increased RBC in blood) - 4% by weight
- Molybdenum is a constituent of?
- Molybdenum containing plant enzyme?
- What is molybdenosis??
- The most important affect of molybdenum?
- Dietry molybdenum absorbed by small intestine?
- Enzymes;
Xanthine oxidase
Sulfite oxidase
Aldehyde oxidase - Nitride reductase—-nitrogen fixation
- By excessive consumption of molybdenum
- impairment in growth
- diarrhea
- anemia
- decreased intestinal absorption of copper - Decreases mobilization and utilization of copper in the body
- 60-70%
- Total human body contains how much chromium? In blood?
- Chromium is a component of?
- Effect of chromium on cholesterol?
- Chromium affects on amino acids?
- Sources of chromium?
- Deficiency? Excess?
-
6mg
Blood—-20ug/dl - Protein chromodulin(facilitates the binding of insulin to receptor sites)
So with insulin—–Cr causes utilization of glucose -
Lowers total serum cholesterol;
As involved in lipid metabolism;
Decreases LDL (bad lipoproteins)
Increases HDL (good lipoproteins) - Transports into the cells(heart & liver)
-
Brewer’s yeast
Grains
Cereals
Cheese
Meat - Deficiency—- disturbs lipids, proteins, carbs metabolism
Excess—- liver & kidney damage
- Chief cation of extracellular fluid?
- Main function of sodium?
- Dietry req. Of sodium?
- 10g of NaCl contains how much sodium?
- Normal plasma serum conc. Of sodium? & in cells?
- Sodium
50%——bones
40%——extracellular fluid
10%—— soft tissues
2.
• Acid base balance
•Osmotic pressure & fluid balance
• initiating & maintaining heartbeat
• intestinal absorption of:
Glucose
Galactose
Aminoacids
• cell permeability
-
5-10g/day
But for hypertension patients less than 5 (around 1g/day) - 4 g
-
135-145 mEq/l
(As it is extracellular cation so less in cells—-35mEq/l)
- How much sodium/day is filtered by glomeruli? How much is reabsorbed?
- What are mineralocorticoids?
- What is addison’s disease?
Seen in? - What is Cushing’s disease?
Seen in?
- 800 g —–filtered
99% —- reabsorbed - Mineralocorticoids are a group of hormones (e.g aldosterone) that are produced by the adrenal glands. They help regulate electrolyte balance and fluid levels in the body, particularly by controlling the reabsorption of sodium and the excretion of potassium in the kidneys.
- Addison’s disease, also known as adrenal insufficiency, is a condition where the adrenal glands do not produce enough hormones, including cortisol and aldosterone.
—- low sodium
—–high potassium
(As no aldosterone to reabsorb sodium & excrete potassium)
This can lead to symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, low blood pressure, and electrolyte imbalances.
—-seen in hyponatremia (low serum sodium)
—-overhydration - Cushing’s disease is a condition caused by the overproduction of cortisol,
(Hyperactivity of adrenal cortex) a hormone produced by the adrenal glands.
——- high sodium
——- low potassium
(As more excretion of potassium and more reabsorption of sodium)
It can result in symptoms such as weight gain, high blood pressure, muscle weakness, and changes in the appearance of the face and body.
—– seen in hypernatremia
—-(Dehydration)
- Principal intracellular cation?
- Function of potassium?
- Dietry req of potassium?
- Plasma potassium?
- Sources?
- Potassium
2.
• Intracellular osmotic Pressure
•Pyruvate kinase (of glycolysis) is dependent on K+ for optimal activity
•Nerve imulse transmission
•Biosynthesis of protein
•Extracellular K+—-cardiac muscle activity
- 3-4g/day
-
3.4-5 mEq/l
Whole blood —- 50 mEq/l - Banana
Pine apple
Orange
Tender coconut water— rich source
- What is hypokalemia? And its characteristics?
- What is hyperkalemia? & characteristics?
-
Low serum K+
- Cushing’s syndrome (overactivity of adrenal cortex—-more excretion of K+)
- trachychardia
- flattened T-wave & prominent U- wave -
High serum K+
- Addison’s syndrome (underactivity of adrenal cortex—less excretion of K+)
- bradychardia
- elevated T-wave
- Total body content of manganese?
- Which organs are rich in manganese?
- Where is it found within cells?
- Dietry req of Mn?
- How much Absorption? & Where? & inhibited by?
- 15mg
- Liver & kidneys
- In nuclei in association with nucleic acids
- 2-9 mg/day
-
3-4% of dietry Mn
In small intestine
Inhibited by iron
- How manganese occurs in serum?
- Functions of manganese?
- Disease states of Mn?
- Bound to a specific carrier protein—–transmagnanin
(A B-globulin)
—-5-20 mg/dl
2.
• Cofactors of enzymes
•Bone formation
•Reproduction
•Normal functioning of nervous system
• synthesis of;
i)- mucopolysaccharide & glycoproteins
ii)- hemoglobin
iii)- cholesterol
3.
• Retarded growth, bone deformity, sterility
•Fat in liver
•Increased serum alkaline phosphatase activity
•Decreased B-cells of pancreas activity (low insulin production)
- Which is the 21st amino acid?
- How selenium protects the cells against H2O2?
- Which mineral along with vitamin E protects against hepatic necrosis?
- Which mineral containing enzyme converts T4 to T3 in thyroid gland.
- What is thioredoxin reductase?
- Selenocystein
- Se As selenocystein—-an essential component of enzyme glutathione peroxidase which protects against it.
- Selenium
- Selenium containing enzyme—-5’-deiodinase
- A selenoprotein—- involved in purine nucleotide metabolism
- The mineral involved in regulating vitamin A levels?
- The mineral which has antioxidant properties?
- Zinc (retinol binding protein synthesis)
- Selenium ( like vitamin E)
