Chapter 10: Major Motives

Question 1

Motivation

Answer 1

• A process within a person or animal that causes movement either away from or towards a goal.
• Study of motivation dominated by focus on drives: biological urges, such as those to acquire food and water, to have sex, to seek novelty, and to avoid cold and pain.

Question 2

Intrinsic Motivation

Answer 2

the pursuit of an activity for its own sake and the pleasure it brings.

Question 3

Extrinsic Motivation

Answer 3

the pursuit of an activity for external rewards, such as praise, money, or fame.

Question 4

Biology of Weight

Answer 4

• Not all people who are overweight are emotionally disturbed.
• Heaviness is not always the result of overeating.
• Biological mechanisms regulate your body weight and are influenced by genetics.
• Some medications have weight gain as a side effect.

Question 5

Set Point

Answer 5

• An individuals’ genetically influenced weight range:
• Maintained by biological mechanisms (e.g., ghrelin and leptin) that regulate food intake, fat reserves, and metabolism.
• Varies about 10% in either direction.
• Highly heritable characteristic.
• Related to genetically programmed basal metabolism rate.

Question 6

Obesity

Answer 6

Genes are involved in some types of obesity
E.g., Inuit of the Canadian Arctic

Mutations in the ob gene may cause obesity in some individuals
- Ob gene causes fat cells to secure protein called leptin that acts on the hypothalamus and helps to regulate appetite.
- Levels of leptin most critical in early life as sets the brain chemistry involved with eating.

Question 7

Prevalence of obesity in Canada

Answer 7

• Approximately 26% of women & 35% of men
• Has been increasing over the years.
• Can’t be accounted for solely by genetics.

Question 8

Environmental influences on weight

Answer 8

• Increased abundance of fast food
• Consumption of high-calorie soft drinks
• Decline of exercise and other expenditures of energy
• Increased portion sizes of food and drink
• Abundance of highly variable foods

Question 9

Passionate (romantic) love

Answer 9

• Love characterized by a whirlwind of intense emotions and sexual passion.
• It is the stuff of crushes infatuations, “love at first sight”, and the early stages of love affairs

Question 10

Compassionate Love

Answer 10

Love characterized by affection and trust

Question 11

Proximity Effect

Answer 11

the people who are nearest to you geographically are most likely to be dearest to you too.

Question 12

Similarity Effect

Answer 12

similarity in looks, attitudes, beliefs, values, personality, and interests, is attractive to human beings/
- We tend to choose friends and loves ones who are most like us

Question 13

Self–fulfilling prophecy

Answer 13

Expectations cause you to behave in ways to make the expectation come true
- Influence level of effort devoted to a task