Chapter 10: Inheritance Flashcards
Inheritance
The genetic acquisition of characteristics by offspring from their parents
Pure Breeding
A line of organisms that always produce offspring with the same phenotype when crossed with each other.
Parental generation (P)
Two individual organisms that represent the start of a breeding experiment; their offspring are the F1 generation.
First filial generation (F1)
The first generation of offspring produced from a cross between two pure breeding parents (P).
Second filial generation (F2)
Offspring of the F1 generation; the second generation produced from a cross between two homozygous parents (P).
Trait
A heritable characteristic; phenotype
X linked
Relatable to a gene located on the X chromosome
Dominant
A phenotype that requires only one copy of its allele in an individual to be expressed
Recessive
A phenotype that requires two copies of its allele in an individual to be expressed
Phenotype
The actual form of a specific feature in a particular individual based on their genotype, can be used in reference to the particular traits or characteristics, or to the overall form of an individual.
Homozygous
A genotype with two identical alleles for a single gene locus
Hetrozygous
A genotype with two different alleles for a single gene locus
Incomplete dominance
The state in which a heterozygous individual has a phenotype that is intermediate between those of the corresponding homozygous individuals; also known as partial dominance.
Con-dominance
A state in which both alleles of a heterozygous individual are fully expressed in the phenotype
Chemical modifications that alter phenotypes:
- DNA methylation
The attachment of a methyl group to nucleotides or histone proteins - Epigenetics
The study of chemical modifications to gene function that are not due to DNA sequence changes, DNA methylation is an example
Epigenome - Chemical compounds that modify the genome
Monohybrid cross
A cross between two organisms that are heterozygous at one gene locus.
Dihybrid cross
A cross between two organisms that are heterozygous at two gene loci.
Crossing over
The process of chromatids breaking and rejoining during prophase I of meiosis.
Polygenic inheritance
Transmission between generations of characteristics that are controlled by more than one gene
Continuous variation
Variation in a characteristic that shows a smooth gradation of different phenotypes
Discontinuous variation
A variation in a characteristic that shows two or just a few clearly distinct phenotypes.
Pedigree analysis
A way of finding out the type of inheritance of a characteristic by following the inheritance pattern over two or more generations
