Chapter 10: Inheritance

Question 1

Inheritance

Answer 1

The genetic acquisition of characteristics by offspring from their parents

Question 2

Pure Breeding

Answer 2

A line of organisms that always produce offspring with the same phenotype when crossed with each other.

Question 3

Parental generation (P)

Answer 3

Two individual organisms that represent the start of a breeding experiment; their offspring are the F1 generation.

Question 4

First filial generation (F1)

Answer 4

The first generation of offspring produced from a cross between two pure breeding parents (P).

Question 5

Second filial generation (F2)

Answer 5

Offspring of the F1 generation; the second generation produced from a cross between two homozygous parents (P).

Question 6

Trait

Answer 6

A heritable characteristic; phenotype

Question 7

X linked

Answer 7

Relatable to a gene located on the X chromosome

Question 8

Dominant

Answer 8

A phenotype that requires only one copy of its allele in an individual to be expressed

Question 9

Recessive

Answer 9

A phenotype that requires two copies of its allele in an individual to be expressed

Question 10

Phenotype

Answer 10

The actual form of a specific feature in a particular individual based on their genotype, can be used in reference to the particular traits or characteristics, or to the overall form of an individual.

Question 11

Homozygous

Answer 11

A genotype with two identical alleles for a single gene locus

Question 12

Hetrozygous

Answer 12

A genotype with two different alleles for a single gene locus

Question 13

Incomplete dominance

Answer 13

The state in which a heterozygous individual has a phenotype that is intermediate between those of the corresponding homozygous individuals; also known as partial dominance.

Question 14

Con-dominance

Answer 14

A state in which both alleles of a heterozygous individual are fully expressed in the phenotype

Question 15

Chemical modifications that alter phenotypes:

Answer 15

1. DNA methylation
   The attachment of a methyl group to nucleotides or histone proteins
2. Epigenetics
   The study of chemical modifications to gene function that are not due to DNA sequence changes, DNA methylation is an example
   Epigenome
3. Chemical compounds that modify the genome

Question 16

Monohybrid cross

Answer 16

A cross between two organisms that are heterozygous at one gene locus.

Question 17

Dihybrid cross

Answer 17

A cross between two organisms that are heterozygous at two gene loci.

Question 18

Crossing over

Answer 18

The process of chromatids breaking and rejoining during prophase I of meiosis.

Question 19

Polygenic inheritance

Answer 19

Transmission between generations of characteristics that are controlled by more than one gene

Question 20

Continuous variation

Answer 20

Variation in a characteristic that shows a smooth gradation of different phenotypes

Question 21

Discontinuous variation

Answer 21

A variation in a characteristic that shows two or just a few clearly distinct phenotypes.

Question 22

Pedigree analysis

Answer 22

A way of finding out the type of inheritance of a characteristic by following the inheritance pattern over two or more generations