Chapter 10 IDs

Question 1

Renaissance

Answer 1

Transitional period from medieval to modern times

Question 2

Humanism

Answer 2

The study of Latin and Greek classics and of the Church Fathers both for their own sake and to promote a rebirth of ancient norms and values.
-Petrarch was the “father of humanism”

Question 3

Studia Humanitas

Answer 3

• A liberal arts program of embracing grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, politics, and moral philosophy
• Celebrated dignity of humankind and prepared people for life of virtuous action

Question 4

Virtu

Answer 4

The ability to act decisively and heroically for the good of one’s country

Question 5

Civic Humanism

Answer 5

Education should promote individual virtue and public service

Question 6

Petrarch

Answer 6

• The “father of humanism”
• Left legal profession to pursue letters and poetry
• Celebrated ancient Rome by writing letters to dead Romans

Question 7

Baldassare Castiglione

Answer 7

Said the rediscovered knowledge of the past was a model and a challenge to the present

Question 8

Leonardo Bruni

Answer 8

First to give the name humanity to the learning that resulted from scholarly pursuits

Question 9

Lorenzo Valla

Answer 9

• In his Elegances of the Latin Language, he reveals the explosive character of the new learning
• Said Donation by Constantine, which gave land to the church, was a fake because it used words that were not used in Constantine’s times

Question 10

Florentine Platonic Academy

Answer 10

• Revival of Greek studies in Florence
• After fall of Constantinople to Turks, many Greek scholars fled to Florence
• Evolved under Cosimo de Medici, Marsilio Ficino, and Pico Della Mirandola

Question 11

Pico Della Mirandola

Answer 11

• One of the supervisors of the Florentine Acadamy
• Influenced by Plato
• Wrote Oration as an introduction to 900 theses intended to serve as a basis for a public debate on all of the important topics in life

Question 12

Vernacular

Answer 12

The language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region

Question 13

Dante Alighieri

Answer 13

• Near-contemporary of Petrarch

- Was cornerstone of Italian vernacular literature

Question 14

Giovanni Boccaccio

Answer 14

• Pioneer of humanist studies

- Assembled an encyclopedia of Greek and Roman mythology

Question 15

Johann Gutenberg

Answer 15

Invented printing press with movable type

Question 16

Desiderius Erasmus

Answer 16

• Most famous humanist
• Gained fame as an educated and religious reformer through printed works
• Colloquia were short printed works that taught how to speak and live well
• Adages were ancient and contemporary proverbs he collected
• Wanted to unite classical ideas of humanity and civic virtue with Christian ideals of love and respect for God
• Expected more from people than what all of the ages theologians believed they could be

Question 17

Sir Thomas More

Answer 17

• Best known English humanist

- Executed for not recognizing Henry VIII’s marriage to Anne Boleyn

Question 18

Themes and Techniques of Renaissance Art

Answer 18

• Use of shading to enhance naturalness (chiaroscuro)

- Adjustment of size of figures to create linear perspective

Question 19

Giotto

Answer 19

• Father of Renaissance painting

- Painted a more natural world

Question 20

Brunelleschi

Answer 20

• Italian designer

- Considered first modern engineer

Question 21

Donatello

Answer 21

• Sculptor

- Portrayed world around himself literally and naturally

Question 22

Botticelli

Answer 22

• Painter of Early Renaissance
• Went to Florentine school under Lorenzo de Medici
• Known for Birth of Aphrodite

Question 23

Christine de Pisan

Answer 23

• Expert in classical, French, and Italian literature

- Wrote poetry to support herself

Question 24

Leonardo da Vinci

Answer 24

• Advised princes and French King Francis I on engineering
• Advocated for scientific experiment, self-taught botanist
• Greatest skill was conveying inner moods through facial expressions

Question 25

Raphael

Answer 25

Painted The School of Athens in the Vatican | -Depicts philosophers and scientists

Question 26

Michelangelo

Answer 26

- Created 18ft statue of David - Painted Sistine Chapel - Used mannerism to show more complex deep, personal changes

Question 27

Mannerism

Answer 27

- Used by Michelangelo | - Shows individual perceptions and feelings of artist

Question 28

Themes and Techniques of Northern Renaissance Art

Answer 28

- Advanced oil painting - Panel painting - Wood carvings - Detailed - More engravings and etches - Religious

Question 29

Albrecht Durer

Answer 29

- Painted most famous self-portrait of European Renaissance and Reformation by showing his face on a portrayal of Christ - Known for his woodcuts - Painted lost of rabbit images

Question 30

Pieter Breughel

Answer 30

- Known for his landscapes and peasant scenes | - Northern Renaissance

Question 31

Niccolo Machiavelli

Answer 31

- Wanted to end internal feuding so Italy could unite and drive out foreign armies - Hoped to see a strong ruler from Medici family

Question 32

Cosimo de Medici

Answer 32

- Controlled Florence from behind the scenes - Natural statesman - Influenced elections - Connections with Signoria (Council of Florence)

Question 33

Lorenzo de Medici

Answer 33

- Ruled Florence in a totalitarian fashion | - Determined ruler after assassination of his brother by Pazzi family

Question 34

Pope Julius II

Answer 34

- Suppressed Borgias and placed Romagna under papal jurisdiction - Raised Renaissance papacy to height of military prowess and diplomatic intrigue - Drove Venetians out of Romagna in 1509 - Ferdinand of Aragon, Venice, and himself created the 2nd Holy League later joined by Maximillian I and the Swiss - -Had France in full retreat where they were defeated by the Swiss in Novara

Question 35

Pope Leo X

Answer 35

- From the Medici family | - Captured the papacy

Question 36

Concordat of Bologna

Answer 36

Gave French King control over French clergy in recognition of pope's superiority over church body

Question 37

Causes and Effects of War of Roses

Answer 37

- Causes: Forced deposition of Richard II | - Effects: Tudor family rose to power and dominated England throughout the 16th century

Question 38

Francisco Pizarro

Answer 38

- Conquered Inca people | - Killed their leader Atahualpa and hundreds of his followers

Question 39

Hernan Cortes

Answer 39

- Conquered Aztecs | - Seized Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City)

Question 40

Bartolome de las Casas

Answer 40

- One of most outspoken clerical critic of Spanish conquerors - Result of his criticism was 'Black Legend' that said all Spanish treatment of the natives was unprincipled and inhumane

Question 41

Ferdinand Magellan

Answer 41

Made it all the way around South America and across the Pacific to the Philippines, his crew then made it back to Spain and was first to circumnavigate the globe