Chapter 10 IDs Flashcards
Renaissance
Transitional period from medieval to modern times
Humanism
The study of Latin and Greek classics and of the Church Fathers both for their own sake and to promote a rebirth of ancient norms and values.
-Petrarch was the “father of humanism”
Studia Humanitas
- A liberal arts program of embracing grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, politics, and moral philosophy
- Celebrated dignity of humankind and prepared people for life of virtuous action
Virtu
The ability to act decisively and heroically for the good of one’s country
Civic Humanism
Education should promote individual virtue and public service
Petrarch
- The “father of humanism”
- Left legal profession to pursue letters and poetry
- Celebrated ancient Rome by writing letters to dead Romans
Baldassare Castiglione
Said the rediscovered knowledge of the past was a model and a challenge to the present
Leonardo Bruni
First to give the name humanity to the learning that resulted from scholarly pursuits
Lorenzo Valla
- In his Elegances of the Latin Language, he reveals the explosive character of the new learning
- Said Donation by Constantine, which gave land to the church, was a fake because it used words that were not used in Constantine’s times
Florentine Platonic Academy
- Revival of Greek studies in Florence
- After fall of Constantinople to Turks, many Greek scholars fled to Florence
- Evolved under Cosimo de Medici, Marsilio Ficino, and Pico Della Mirandola
Pico Della Mirandola
- One of the supervisors of the Florentine Acadamy
- Influenced by Plato
- Wrote Oration as an introduction to 900 theses intended to serve as a basis for a public debate on all of the important topics in life
Vernacular
The language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region
Dante Alighieri
- Near-contemporary of Petrarch
- Was cornerstone of Italian vernacular literature
Giovanni Boccaccio
- Pioneer of humanist studies
- Assembled an encyclopedia of Greek and Roman mythology
Johann Gutenberg
Invented printing press with movable type
Desiderius Erasmus
- Most famous humanist
- Gained fame as an educated and religious reformer through printed works
- Colloquia were short printed works that taught how to speak and live well
- Adages were ancient and contemporary proverbs he collected
- Wanted to unite classical ideas of humanity and civic virtue with Christian ideals of love and respect for God
- Expected more from people than what all of the ages theologians believed they could be
Sir Thomas More
- Best known English humanist
- Executed for not recognizing Henry VIII’s marriage to Anne Boleyn
Themes and Techniques of Renaissance Art
- Use of shading to enhance naturalness (chiaroscuro)
- Adjustment of size of figures to create linear perspective
Giotto
- Father of Renaissance painting
- Painted a more natural world
Brunelleschi
- Italian designer
- Considered first modern engineer
Donatello
- Sculptor
- Portrayed world around himself literally and naturally
Botticelli
- Painter of Early Renaissance
- Went to Florentine school under Lorenzo de Medici
- Known for Birth of Aphrodite
Christine de Pisan
- Expert in classical, French, and Italian literature
- Wrote poetry to support herself
Leonardo da Vinci
- Advised princes and French King Francis I on engineering
- Advocated for scientific experiment, self-taught botanist
- Greatest skill was conveying inner moods through facial expressions
Raphael
Painted The School of Athens in the Vatican
-Depicts philosophers and scientists
Michelangelo
- Created 18ft statue of David
- Painted Sistine Chapel
- Used mannerism to show more complex deep, personal changes
Mannerism
- Used by Michelangelo
- Shows individual perceptions and feelings of artist
Themes and Techniques of Northern Renaissance Art
- Advanced oil painting
- Panel painting
- Wood carvings
- Detailed
- More engravings and etches
- Religious
Albrecht Durer
- Painted most famous self-portrait of European Renaissance and Reformation by showing his face on a portrayal of Christ
- Known for his woodcuts
- Painted lost of rabbit images
Pieter Breughel
- Known for his landscapes and peasant scenes
- Northern Renaissance
Niccolo Machiavelli
- Wanted to end internal feuding so Italy could unite and drive out foreign armies
- Hoped to see a strong ruler from Medici family
Cosimo de Medici
- Controlled Florence from behind the scenes
- Natural statesman
- Influenced elections
- Connections with Signoria (Council of Florence)
Lorenzo de Medici
- Ruled Florence in a totalitarian fashion
- Determined ruler after assassination of his brother by Pazzi family
Pope Julius II
- Suppressed Borgias and placed Romagna under papal jurisdiction
- Raised Renaissance papacy to height of military prowess and diplomatic intrigue
- Drove Venetians out of Romagna in 1509
- Ferdinand of Aragon, Venice, and himself created the 2nd Holy League later joined by Maximillian I and the Swiss
- -Had France in full retreat where they were defeated by the Swiss in Novara
Pope Leo X
- From the Medici family
- Captured the papacy
Concordat of Bologna
Gave French King control over French clergy in recognition of pope’s superiority over church body
Causes and Effects of War of Roses
- Causes: Forced deposition of Richard II
- Effects: Tudor family rose to power and dominated England throughout the 16th century
Francisco Pizarro
- Conquered Inca people
- Killed their leader Atahualpa and hundreds of his followers
Hernan Cortes
- Conquered Aztecs
- Seized Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City)
Bartolome de las Casas
- One of most outspoken clerical critic of Spanish conquerors
- Result of his criticism was ‘Black Legend’ that said all Spanish treatment of the natives was unprincipled and inhumane
Ferdinand Magellan
Made it all the way around South America and across the Pacific to the Philippines, his crew then made it back to Spain and was first to circumnavigate the globe
