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Biology 1010 > Chapter 10 - How Cells Divide > Flashcards

Chapter 10 - How Cells Divide Flashcards

1
Q

Bacteria divide by:

A

binary fission

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2
Q

Replication of bacteria begin at the:

A

origin of replication

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3
Q

What forms to divide the cell into 2 cells?

A

a septum

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4
Q

linear chromosomes

A

Eukaryotic chromosomes

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5
Q

chromatin

A

a complex of DNA and proteins

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6
Q

heterochromatin

A

not expressed

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7
Q

euchromatin

A

expressed regions

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8
Q

DNA wrapped around a core of 8 histone proteins

A

nucleosome

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9
Q

What holds a nucleosome together?

A

histone proteins

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10
Q

Further coiling of a nucleosome creates the 30-nm fiber or_______

A

solenoid

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11
Q

The particular array of chromosomes of an organism

A

karyotype

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12
Q

Chromosomes must be ___________ before division.

A

replicated

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13
Q

Replicated chromosomes are connected to each other at their ________.

A

kinetochores

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14
Q

Complex of proteins holding replicated chromosomes together

A

cohesin

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15
Q

2 copies of the chromosome within the replicated chromosome

A

sister chromatids

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16
Q

What phases of the cell cycle are considered interphase?

A

G1 (gap phase 1), S (synthesis), G2 (gap phase 2)

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17
Q

What are the 5 main phases of the Eukaryotic Cell Cycle?

A 
G1
S
G2
M
C
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18
Q

G1 (gap phase 1)

A

time of cell growth

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19
Q

S phase

A

synthesis of DNA (DNA replication); 2 sister chromatids are produced

20
Q

G2 (gap phase 2)

A

chromosomes condense

21
Q

Proteins of the kinetochore are attached to the _________.

A

centromere

22
Q

Microtubules attach to the ____________.

A

kinetochore

23
Q

During G2 the chromosomes undergo ___________, becoming tightly coiled.

A

condensation

24
Q

Microtubule-Organizing Centers

A

centrioles

25
Q

5 Phases of Mitosis

A
  1. prophase
  2. prometaphase
  3. metaphase
  4. anaphase
  5. telophase
26
Q

What happens during Prophase of Mitosis?

A
  • chromosomes continue to condense and become visible
  • centrioles move to each pole of the cell
  • spindle apparatus is assembled
  • nuclear envelope dissolves
  • chromosomes appear as two sister chromatids held together at the centromere
27
Q

Prometaphase:

A
  • chromosomes become attached to the spindle apparatus by their kinetochores
  • a second set of microtubules is formed from the poles to each kinetochore
  • microtubules begin to pull each chromosome toward the center of the cell
28
Q

Metaphase of Mitosis:

A

-microtubules pull the chromosome to align them at the center of the cell

29
Q

Imaginary plane through the center of the cell where the chromosomes align.

A

metaphase plate

30
Q

Anaphase of Mitosis:

A
  • removal of cohesin proteins
  • centromeres separate
  • microtubules shorten and pull sister chromatids toward the poles
31
Q

Telophase of Mitosis:

A
  • spindle apparatus disassembles
  • nuclear envelope forms around each set of sister chromatids
  • chromosomes begin to uncoil
  • nucleolus reappears in each new nucleus
32
Q

Cleavage of the cell into equal halves.

A

cytokinesis

  • in animal cells-produces a cleavage furrow
  • in plant cells-forms a cell plate between the nuclei
  • in fungi and some protist-mitosis in nucleus, division of nucleus with cytokinesis
33
Q

How many check points control the cell cycle?

34
Q

What are the three checkpoints the control the cell cycle?

A
  1. G1/S checkpoint
  2. G2/M checkpoint
  3. late metaphase (spindle) checkpoint
35
Q

What happens at the G1/S checkpoint?

A

the cell “decides” to divide

36
Q

What happens at the G2/M checkpoint?

A

the cell makes a commitment to mitosis

37
Q

What happens at the late metaphase (spindle) checkpoint?

A

the cell ensures that all chromosomes are attached to the spindle

38
Q

Proteins produced in synchrony with the cell cycles that regulate passage of the cell through cell cycle checkpoints.

39
Q

Enzymes that drive the cell cycle.

A

cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks)

40
Q

_______ activates the proteins that remove cohesin holding sister chromatids together.

A

anaphase-promoting complex (APC)

41
Q

Growth factors:

A
  • can influence the cell cycle
  • trigger intracellular signalling systems
  • can override cellular controls that otherwise inhibit cell division
42
Q

platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)

A

triggers cells to divide during wound healing

43
Q

Two kinds of genes can disturb the cell cycle when they are mutated:

A
  1. tumor-suppressor genes

2. proto-oncogenes

44
Q

Tumor-suppressor genes:

A

prevent the development of many cells containing mutations; ex. p53 halts cell division if damaged DNA is detected

45
Q

Proto-oncogenes:

A
  • some encode receptors for growth factors, some encode signal transduction proteins
  • become oncogenes when mutated

Biology 1010 (4 decks)

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