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Unit 2 Test Lecture > chapter 10 flashcards > Flashcards

chapter 10 flashcards

1
Q

major functions of muscle tissue

A

movement, temp, posture

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2
Q

contractability

A

ability to contract and pull proteins together, respond to a stimulus in order to contract

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3
Q

excitability

A

the ability of muscle fibers to generate electrical impulses in response to stimuli

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4
Q

conductivity

A

respond to electrical signal , continue to travel

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5
Q

distensibility

A

able to stretch without being damaged

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6
Q

elasticity

A

able to return to normal position after being stretched

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7
Q

sliding filament theory

A

thin filaments slide towards the center of each sarcomere

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8
Q

resting membrane potential

A

90 mV, muscle cell potential

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9
Q

polarized membrane potential

A

difference in electrical charge across cell membrane

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10
Q

ion channels

A

ions cannot diffuse through lipid component of plasma membrane , rely on specific protein channels

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11
Q

leak channels

A

always open , continuously allow ions to flow down concentration gradients between cytosol and ecf

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12
Q

gated channels

A

closed at rest, open in response to specific stimulus

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13
Q

electrochemical gradient

A

diffusion of ion across plasma membrane is determined by both concentration gradient and electrical gradient

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14
Q

concentration gradient

A

diffusion of an ion from high to low concentration, move out

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15
Q

electrical gradient

A

movement of ion away from a like charge and towards opposite charge, move in

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16
Q

generating a resting potential

A

electrical gradient favoriting diffusion out , potassium out sodium in

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17
Q

action potentials

A

brief changes in membrane potential of cell from resting negative value to positive value then back to resting negative , generated by opening and closing of gated sodium and potassium channels in plasma membrane in response to stimulus

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18
Q

resting stage

A

before stimulus arrives the membrane is resting membrane potential and gated na and k are closed

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19
Q

depolarization stage

A

response to stimulus , na and k channels open and sodium enters cell making membrane less negative

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20
Q

repolarization stage

A

sodium channels close while k channels open and k leaves the cell making membrane potential more negative inside positive and outside negative

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21
Q

propagation

A

action potential able to move entire length of cell membrane

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22
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

connection between a motor nerve and a muscle fiber that allows electrical impulses to convert into muscled contractions

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23
Q

motor neuron

A

send motor message, to do, message

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24
Q

synapse

A

where single motor neuron communicates with many muscle fibers

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25
Q

axon terminal

A

bulb, end of motor neuron

26
Q

synaptic cleft

A

space between neuron and muscle cell

27
Q

motor end plate

A

region of muscle cell directly under axon

28
Q

excitation phase

A
  1. Action potential arrives at the axon terminal and triggers calcium channels in axon terminal to open
  2. Calcium ions move into the axon terminal and trigger exocytosis of synaptic vesicles.
  3. Synaptic vesicles release ACh into synaptic cleft
  4. ACh binds to receptors on the motor end plate
  5. Sodium ion channels open and sodium ions enter the muscle fiber
  6. Sodium entry depolarizes the sarcolemma creating an end-plate potential
29
Q

excitation contraction coupling

A
  1. End-plate potential stimulates an action potential
  2. Action potential is propagated down the T-tubules
  3. T-tubule depolarization leads to the opening of calcium ion channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and calcium ions enter the cytosol
  4. Calcium ions bind to troponin
  5. Tropomyosin moves and the active sites on actin are exposed
30
Q

contraction phase (crossbridge)

A
  1. ATP hydrolysis “cock” the myosin head
  2. Myosin head binds to actin
  3. Power stroke occurs when the phosphate detaches from the myosin head and myosin pulls actin toward the center of the sarcomere (m line)
  4. ATP breaks the attachment of myosin to actin
31
Q

muscle relaxation

A
  1. Acetylcholinesterase degrades the remaining ACh and the repolarization occurs
  2. The sarcolemma returns to its resting membrane potential and calcium ion channels in SR close
  3. Calcium ions are pumped back into the SR
  4. Troponin shifts and pulls tropomyosin back into position to block active sites of actin and the muscle relaxes
  5. Relaxation is a passive process
32
Q

creatine phosphate

A

muscle fibers, easily can donate phosphate ion

33
Q

anaerobic catabolism

A

glucose breaks down absorb into muscle , 2 pyruvate molecules and 2 atp, no oxygen needed

34
Q

aeorbic catabolism

A

reactions that require oxygen

35
Q

muscle twitch

A

smallest muscle contraction

36
Q

latent period

A

time for action potential to propagate across sarcolemma

37
Q

contraction period

A

repeated crossbridge cycles generate tension

38
Q

relaxation period

A

calcium ions levels reduced in cytosol by SR pumps :tension diminishes

39
Q

refractory period

A

between the start of latent period and into start of contraction period where the muscle fibers cannot respond to another stimulus

40
Q

wave summation

A

repeated stimulation of muscle fiber

41
Q

unfused (incomplete) tetanus

A

pause in between twitch, tension is low

42
Q

fused (complete)tetanus

A

brain sends message so fast allowing fast contraction

43
Q

type 1 fiber, slow twitch

A

-small diameter, slow-twitch fibers; contract slowly, produce less force for longer period of time
-Rely on oxidative catabolism; large numbers of mitochondria and myoglobin molecules, well-developed blood supply; “dark muscle”
-Predominate in postural muscles; sustain contractions for long durations

44
Q

type 2 fibers, fast twitch

A

-large diameter, fast twitch fibers, fatigue quickly
-High myosin ATPase activity; rely mainly on glycolytic catabolism for ATP production
-Fewer mitochondria, lower levels of myoglobin, less extensive blood supply; “white muscle”

45
Q

motor units

A

a single motor neuron and all fibers it innervates , signals for movement

46
Q

recruitment

A
  • initiation of contraction activates a small number of motor units as greater force is needed more motor units are activated
47
Q

muscle tone

A

-when a muscle is at rest still has a degree of tension due to background level of motor unit activity, ready to respond to movement

48
Q

hypotonia

A

low muscle tone

49
Q

hypertonia

A

abnormally high muscle tone

50
Q

isotonic

A

causes muscle to change in length

51
Q

concentric

A

muscle tension exceed resistance , muscle able to shorten

52
Q

eccentric

A

to lengthen

53
Q

isometric

A

-muscle stays the same length but still create peak tension

54
Q

physical training

A

repeated use and how it changes the structure

55
Q

endurance training

A

looking at more repetition, long lasting performance (mitochondria), only works with oxygen type 1 fibers

56
Q

resistance training

A

fewer repetition, working without oxygen, have to have enough glucose, type 2 fibers

57
Q

disuse

A

decreased myofibrils, decreased muscle diameter, use it or lose it, can developed atrophy if not used

58
Q

muscle fatigue

A

-no energy to do more
Depletion of key metabolites (CP, glycogen, glucose)

-Decreased availability of oxygen

-Environmental conditions

59
Q

similarities between smooth vs skeletal

A

need calcium, action and myosin

60
Q

differences between smooth vs skeletal

A

-no striations, arranged in unique way and make own crossbridge , -involuntary, no sarcoplasmic reticulum, no t tubules

61
Q

simialrites between cardiac vs skeletal

A

striations, sarcomeres, calcium actin myosin arranged the same, t tubules, sarcoplasmic reticulum

62
Q

differences between cardiac vs. skeletal

A

involuntary, short cells, one nucleus, intercalated discs, autorhythmic

Unit 2 Test Lecture (4 decks)

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