Chapter 10 - Emotions Flashcards
Emotions
An immediate, specific negative or positive response to environmental events or internal thoughts
Primary emotions
Emotions that are innate, evolutionary adaptive, and universal (shared across cultures); they include:
Anger, fear, sadness, disgust, happiness, surprise, contempt
Secondary emotions
Blends of primary emotions; they include:
Remorse, guilt, submission, shame, love, bitterness, jealousy
Empathy
You can understand why people may feel sad or happy
Sympathy
How you feel for somebody else, concern, pity, sadness
Major Theories of Emotions
James-Lange Theory
Cannon-Bard Theory
Schachter-Singer Two Factor Theory
James-Lange Theory
James-Lange theory of emotion: people perceive specific patterns of bodily responses and as a result of that perception they feel emotion
Physical changes→ make us feel emotion
Experiencing emotion because you’re body is reacting in a certain way
Goes against common sense
Stimulus→ Arousal→ Emotion
Cannon-Bard Theory
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion: information about emotional stimuli is sent simultaneously to the cortex and the body and results in emotional experience and bodily reactions, respectively
As a result, we experience two separate things at roughly the same time: an emotion and a physical reaction
Experiencing arousal and emotion at the same time
Stimulus→ arousal and stimulus→ emotion
Schachter-Singer Two Factor Theory
Two-factor theory of emotion: a label applied to physiological arousal results in the experience of an emotion
Proposed that the physiological response to all emotional stimuli was essentially the same, which they called undifferentiated physiological arousal, the arousal was just interpreted differently, depending upon the situation and a given label
Response to situation, emotionally, physiologically, and then create label for it
Stimulus→ Arousal→ Attribution/Label→ Emotion
What are two effective and non effective ways to deal with emotions
Thought suppression
Rumination
Thought suppression
People attempt to not feel or respond to the emotion at all, not think about it
Rumination
Involves thinking about, elaborating on, and focusing on undesired thoughts or feelings
No room for other feelings, could be good feelings you are not allowing in, bringing back same thought or feeling
Overthink it
Guilt
Guilt is a negative emotional state associated with anxiety, tension, and agitation
The typical guilt experience occurs when someone feels responsible for another person’s negative affective state
Although excessive feelings of guilt may have negative consequences, guilt is not entirely negative
Baumeister and colleagues contend that guilt protects and strengthens interpersonal relationships in three ways:
1) Feelings of guilt discourage people from doing things that would harm their relationships
2) Displays of guilt demonstrate that people care about their partners, thereby affirming social bonds
3) Guilt is a tactic that can be used to manipulate others
Motivation
A process that energizes, guides, and maintains behavior toward a goal
Need
Need
A state of biological or social deficiency
Needs lead to goal-directed behaviors
Failure to satisfy a particular need leads to psychological or physical impairment
Need Hierarchy
Maslow’s arrangement of needs, in which basic survival needs must be met before people can satisfy higher needs
Self-actualization
A state that is achieved when one’s personal dreams and aspirations have been attained
Maslow’s hierarchy is more useful as an indicator of what might be true about people’s behaviors than of what actually is true about them
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
In order
Physiological Safety Belonging and love Esteem Self-actualization
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (Physiological)
Hunger, thirst, warmth, air, sleep
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (Safety)
Security, protection, freedom from threats
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (Belonging and Love)
Acceptance, friendship
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (Esteem)
Good self-opinion, accomplishments, reputation
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (Self-actualization)
Living to full potential, achieving personal dreams and aspirations
Self-actualization
A state that is achieved when one’s personal dreams and aspirations have been attained
Maslow’s hierarchy is more useful as an indicator of what might be true about people’s behaviors than of what actually is true about them
