Chapter 10 - Emotions

Question 1

Emotions

Answer 1

An immediate, specific negative or positive response to environmental events or internal thoughts

Question 2

Primary emotions

Answer 2

Emotions that are innate, evolutionary adaptive, and universal (shared across cultures); they include:
Anger, fear, sadness, disgust, happiness, surprise, contempt

Question 3

Secondary emotions

Answer 3

Blends of primary emotions; they include:

Remorse, guilt, submission, shame, love, bitterness, jealousy

Question 4

Empathy

Answer 4

You can understand why people may feel sad or happy

Question 5

Sympathy

Answer 5

How you feel for somebody else, concern, pity, sadness

Question 6

Major Theories of Emotions

Answer 6

James-Lange Theory
Cannon-Bard Theory
Schachter-Singer Two Factor Theory

Question 7

James-Lange Theory

Answer 7

James-Lange theory of emotion: people perceive specific patterns of bodily responses and as a result of that perception they feel emotion
Physical changes→ make us feel emotion
Experiencing emotion because you’re body is reacting in a certain way
Goes against common sense
Stimulus→ Arousal→ Emotion

Question 8

Cannon-Bard Theory

Answer 8

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion: information about emotional stimuli is sent simultaneously to the cortex and the body and results in emotional experience and bodily reactions, respectively
As a result, we experience two separate things at roughly the same time: an emotion and a physical reaction
Experiencing arousal and emotion at the same time
Stimulus→ arousal and stimulus→ emotion

Question 9

Schachter-Singer Two Factor Theory

Answer 9

Two-factor theory of emotion: a label applied to physiological arousal results in the experience of an emotion
Proposed that the physiological response to all emotional stimuli was essentially the same, which they called undifferentiated physiological arousal, the arousal was just interpreted differently, depending upon the situation and a given label
Response to situation, emotionally, physiologically, and then create label for it
Stimulus→ Arousal→ Attribution/Label→ Emotion

Question 10

What are two effective and non effective ways to deal with emotions

Answer 10

Thought suppression

Rumination

Question 11

Thought suppression

Answer 11

People attempt to not feel or respond to the emotion at all, not think about it

Question 12

Rumination

Answer 12

Involves thinking about, elaborating on, and focusing on undesired thoughts or feelings
No room for other feelings, could be good feelings you are not allowing in, bringing back same thought or feeling
Overthink it

Question 13

Guilt

Answer 13

Guilt is a negative emotional state associated with anxiety, tension, and agitation
The typical guilt experience occurs when someone feels responsible for another person’s negative affective state
Although excessive feelings of guilt may have negative consequences, guilt is not entirely negative
Baumeister and colleagues contend that guilt protects and strengthens interpersonal relationships in three ways:
1) Feelings of guilt discourage people from doing things that would harm their relationships
2) Displays of guilt demonstrate that people care about their partners, thereby affirming social bonds
3) Guilt is a tactic that can be used to manipulate others

Question 14

Motivation

Answer 14

A process that energizes, guides, and maintains behavior toward a goal

Question 15

Need

Answer 15

Need
A state of biological or social deficiency
Needs lead to goal-directed behaviors
Failure to satisfy a particular need leads to psychological or physical impairment

Question 16

Need Hierarchy

Answer 16

Maslow’s arrangement of needs, in which basic survival needs must be met before people can satisfy higher needs

Question 17

Self-actualization

Answer 17

A state that is achieved when one’s personal dreams and aspirations have been attained
Maslow’s hierarchy is more useful as an indicator of what might be true about people’s behaviors than of what actually is true about them

Question 18

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

In order

Answer 18

Physiological
Safety
Belonging and love
Esteem
Self-actualization

Question 19

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (Physiological)

Answer 19

Hunger, thirst, warmth, air, sleep

Question 20

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (Safety)

Answer 20

Security, protection, freedom from threats

Question 21

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (Belonging and Love)

Answer 21

Acceptance, friendship

Question 22

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (Esteem)

Answer 22

Good self-opinion, accomplishments, reputation

Question 23

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (Self-actualization)

Answer 23

Living to full potential, achieving personal dreams and aspirations

Question 24

Self-actualization

Answer 24

A state that is achieved when one’s personal dreams and aspirations have been attained
Maslow’s hierarchy is more useful as an indicator of what might be true about people’s behaviors than of what actually is true about them

Question 25

Drive

Answer 25

A psychological state that, by creating arousal, motivates an organism to satisfy a need
For biological states such as thirst or hunger, basic drives help animals maintain steadiness, or equilibrium

Question 26

Homeostasis

Answer 26

The tendency for bodily functions to maintain equilibrium

Question 27

Yerkes-Dodson law

Answer 27

The psychological principle that performance on challenging tasks increases with arousal up to a moderate level; after that, additional arousal impairs performance
For example, as the Yerkes-Dodson law predicts, students perform best on exams when feeling moderate anxiety. Too little anxiety can make them inattentive or unmotivated, while too much anxiety can interfere with their thinking ability

Question 28

Optimal level of arousal

Answer 28

quality of performance is highest when the arousal is moderate, not too high, not too low

Question 29

Incentives

Answer 29

External objects or external goals, rather than internal drives, that motivate behaviors

Question 30

Extrinsic motivation

Answer 30

Motivation to perform an activity because of the external goals toward which that activity is directed; e.g., working to receive a paycheck

Question 31

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 31

Motivation to perform an activity because of the value or pleasure associated with that activity, rather than for an apparent external goal or purpose; e.g., reading a good novel, listening to music

Question 32

Delayed gratification

Answer 32

One common challenge immediate gratification in the pursuit of long-term goals
The ability to delay gratification is predictive of success in life
More socially competent and better able to handle frustration
The ability to delay gratification in childhood has been found to predict higher SAT scores and better school grades
A 40-year follow-up study found that the ability to delay gratification remained stable into adulthood
According to Mischel and Metcalf, the most successful strategy to delay gratification involves turning hot cognitions into cold cognitions–mentally transforming the desired objects into something undesired
Hot cognitions focus on the rewarding pleasurable aspects of objects
Cold cognitions focus on conceptual or symbolic meanings

Question 33

Hot cognition

Answer 33

Instant gratification

Question 34

Cold cognition

Answer 34

Distract self in order to delay gratification

Question 35

Grit

Answer 35

A factor that is related to a person’s ability to achieve long-term goals is grit
People with grit have a deep passion for their goals and a willingness to keep working toward them, even in spite of hardships and pitfalls
The power of passion and perseverance