Chapter 10 - Command & Control / Emergency Management

Question 1

What does Command and Control include?

4 Principles

Answer 1

• Leadership
• Coordination
• Effective decision making
• Behaving lawfully and ethically with a prevention and victim focus

Question 2

What is fundamental to Policing in New Zealand?

Answer 2

The ability to effectively control, command, lead and coordinate Police-led operations

Question 3

What will Police do in relation to the “how” in Policy statement and Principles?

Answer 3

• Ensure all Police employees are aware of health and safety considerations within workplace
• Adhere to the scope of command and control, its functions and the environments it is used in
• Familiarise themselves with the principles of command and control
• Ensure staff understand the command and control roles and responsibilities

Question 4

What comes first in relation to all of the people working for the NZ Police?

Answer 4

• Safety first

By doing this Police minimise harm, provide better service and have safer communities

Question 5

When responding to an incident what is the primary responsibility for the Incident Controller?

Answer 5

The primary responsibility is to ensure risk is managed properly by the incident controller.

Question 6

What is to be at the core of determining how Police intervene or deploy?

Answer 6

TENR

Threat, Exposure, Necessity, Response

Question 7

Explain the meaning of “Threat”?

Answer 7

Threat

• Means any individual, and act, or anything that is likely to cause harm or have the potential to hinder Police in the performance of their duties.

Question 8

Explain the meaning of “Exposure”?

Answer 8

Exposure

• Managed, including the potential for harm (physical or otherwise) to people, or the security of places or things.

Question 9

Explain the meaning of “Necessity”?

Answer 9

Necessity

• To intervene immediately is considered, is there a need to intervene now, later, or not at all

Question 10

Explain the meaning of “Response”?

Answer 10

Response

• Any response is proportionate and based on a considered assessment of Threat, Exposure, Necessity

Question 11

What must the response to any given situation be?

Answer 11

Considered, timely and proportionate/appropriate.

Must consider the impact on Police, our partners, the focus of our attention (victims, offenders, communities etc) and any third parties that are impacted.

Question 12

What is the meaning of ‘Control’?

Answer 12

Control refers to the responsibility for coordinating and directing the response to an incident. Sets priorities and objectives and determines how best to implement them. Includes authority to assign tasks to another agency/coordinate agency’s wider actions etc.

Question 13

What is the meaning of ‘Command’?

Answer 13

It operates vertically within an organisation, describes the internal ownership, administrative responsibility, and detailed direction of an agency’s personnel and resources.

Command is “The authority that a Commander in the NZ Police lawfully exercises over assigned staff by virtue of rank or assignment. Includes the authority and accountability for effectively using available resources and for planning, organising, directing, coordinating and controlling Police resources to achieve the accomplishment of assigned tasks. Command includes responsibility for the welfare, morale and discipline of assigned staff.”

Question 14

Explain the Coordination, Command and Control graph?

Answer 14

Coordination
- Is assisted by defined control and command arrangements

Command
- Applies vertically to one agency

Control
- Applies horizontally across agencies

Question 15

What are the three essential elements that Command and Control consist of?

Answer 15

• Leadership
• Decision making
• Control

Key decisions must be documented in the decision log

Question 16

Police use the Coordinated Incident Management System (CIMS) as its control and command model.

What are some of the reasons for this?

Answer 16

• Provides one model of control, command, coordination
• Consistent with (required in) any inter agency response in NZ
• Understood and practised by our multi agency partners
• Consistent with command, control, coordination SOP’s already in place (national level)
• Provides a platform for inter-interoperability with Ausie Police jurisdictions (ANZPAA model)
• Already known at all levels of Police/is the operating norm for front line staff at emergency incidents
• Not require Police to learn two models of command, control, coordination, nor alternate

Question 17

What ways can the Police Command and Control System be utilised in a variety of environments?

Answer 17

• Business as usual
• Rising tide incidents
• Critical incidents
• Major critical incidents
• Planned operations
• Spontaneous operations

Question 18

What are the three specific command levels Police conduct their duties in?

Answer 18

• Tactical
• Operational
• Strategic

Question 19

What are the functions undertaken by the tactical level commander?

Answer 19

• command of the inner cordon
• command of the immediate cordon
• command of all police and resources within cordons
• command within the intent provided by the Operational commander / Strategic Commander (if one appointed)
• manage inter-agency coordination at the tactical level

Question 20

What are the functions undertaken by the operational level commander?

Answer 20

• command of the overall incident/s (including the overall police response)
• command over resource distribution to support tactical commanders
• command the response outside the area of tactical deployment (AOS ops)
• Manage inter-agency coordination at the operational level
• command the response within the Strategic Commander’s intent (if one appointed)

Question 21

What are the functions undertaken by the strategic commander?

Answer 21

• command overall police response
• command multiple operation level activities (eg, cross-district events)
• command the community consultation response
• provide a liaison between the Operation and the Police Executive, government, media and agencies

Question 22

What is the internationally recommended span of control in relation to the number of units a Controller or Commander can effectively command and control?

Answer 22

Between 2-7 direct reports, depending on the complexity of the incident or operation. They must be given sufficient capacity and capability within their span of control or command to execute the mission.

Question 23

What is an appreciation used for?

Answer 23

• Allows the design, planning, execution, and adaption of actions within the operational environment
• Can be completed by an individual or a planning team
• Should be written, particularly for larger incidents or operations
• Allows for clear thought and logical reasoning by examining the whole situation

Question 24

What is the Appreciation Format used by the NZ Police?

Answer 24

• Aim
• Factors
• Courses of action
• Outline Plan

“AFCO”

Question 25

Explain ‘aim’ as outlined in the appreciation format?

Answer 25

The aim of the operation is derived from the guidance or intent set by a higher control or command level, will usually start with “to…” and will outline the ‘what’ of the operation. Can include ‘when’, ‘why’, or ‘where’ in larger operations.

Question 26

Explain ‘factors’ as outlined in the appreciation format?

Answer 26

A factor is the circumstance, facts, or influences which might impact on the conduct of the operation.

“So what?”

Ground, time & space, weather, risks, budget, media, police role etc

Question 27

Explain ‘courses of action’ as outlined in the appreciation format?

Answer 27

Once all factors have been considered, logical appropriate and distinguishable courses of action will be identified which could help achieve the aim.

Question 28

Explain ‘outline plan’ as outlined in the appreciation format?

Answer 28

Does not need to be detailed but should contain sufficient information for the commander or controller who requested the operation to approve it, will cover:

• Situation
• Mission
• Execution

Question 29

What is a Operation Order?

Answer 29

It is the written format for a Controller or Commander to document a plan to convey to staff how the operation will be executed, also a directive on how set tasks may be carried out.

Where possible, needs to be written, simple, clear and accurate.

Question 30

What does GSMEAC consist of?

Answer 30

• Ground
• Situation
• Mission
• Execution
• Administration and Logistics
• Command and signals

Question 31

What is the definition of Emergency?

Civil Defence Emergency Management Act 2002

Answer 31

(a) is the result of any happening, whether natural or otherwise, including, without limitation, any explosion, earthquake, eruption, tsunami, land movement, flood, storm, tornado, cyclone, serious fire, leakage or spillage of any dangerous gas or substance, technological failure, infestation, plague, epidemic, failure of or disruption to an emergency service or a lifeline utility, or actual or imminent attack or warlike act; and
(b) causes or may cause loss of life or injury or illness or distress or in any way endangers the safety of the public or property in New Zealand or any part of New Zealand; and
(c) cannot be dealt with by emergency services, or otherwise requires a significant and co-ordinated response under this Act

Question 32

Explain Section 86 - Evacuation of premises and places?

Civil Defence Emergency Management Act 2002

Answer 32

If a state of emergency is in force and, in the opinion of a Controller or any constable, the action authorised by this section is necessary for the
preservation of human life, that person or a person authorised by him or her may [direct], within the area or district in which the emergency is in force,—
(a) evacuate any premises or place, including public
(b) exclude persons or vehicles from any premises or place, including public

Question 33

Explain Section 87 - Entry on Premises

Civil Defence Emergency Management Act 2002

Answer 33

If state of emergency in force, Controller or Constable or person acting under the authority, may enter on/break into any premises or place if RGTB the action is necessary for:

(a) saving life, preventing injury, rescuing and removing injured or endangered persons, or
(b) permitting or facilitating the carrying out of any urgent measure for the relief of suffering or distress.

Question 34

Explain Section 88 - Closing road and public places

Civil Defence Emergency Management Act 2002

Answer 34

If a state of emergency is in force, a Controller or a constable, or any person acting under the authority of a Controller or constable, or any person so authorised in a relevant civil defence emergency management plan, may, in order to prevent or limit the extent of the emergency, totally or partially prohibit or restrict public access, with or without vehicles, to any road or public place within the area or district in respect of which the state of emergency is in force.

Question 35

Explain Section 89 - Removal of aircraft, vessels, vehicles etc?

Civil Defence Emergency Management Act 2002

Answer 35

If state of emergency in force, Controller or Constable may in order to prevent or limit the extent of the emergency:

(a) remove from any place, any aircraft, hovercraft, ship or ferry or other vessel, train, vehicle impeding civil defence emergency management, and
(b) if reasonably necessary for that purpose, use force or break into the aircraft, hovercraft, ship or ferry or other vessel, train, or vehicle

Question 36

Explain Section 90 - Requisitioning powers

Civil Defence Emergency Management Act 2002

Answer 36

(1) section applies if state of emergency in force, in opinion of Controller/Constable action authorised is necessary for the preservation of human life

(2) May direct owner or person for the time being in control of any land, building, vehicle, animal, boat, apparatus, implement, earth-moving equipment, construction materials, or equipment, furniture, bedding, food, medicines, medical supplies, or any other equipment, materials or supplies to immediately place that property (requisitioned property)
(a) under his/her control and direction, or
(b) under the control and direction of a Controller or a constable, or person authorised by that Controller or constable, if that person has requested the person making the requisition to do so on his or her behalf

Must supply a written statement to owner specifying requisitioning and who it is in control/direction of. If owner cannot be found, may requisition property immediately.

Question 37

Explain Section 91(1) - Power to give directions

Civil Defence Emergency Management Act 2002

Answer 37

(1) While a state of emergency is in force, a Controller or a constable, or any person acting under the authority of a Controller or member of the
police, may—
(a) direct any person to stop any activity that may cause or substantially contribute to an emergency:
(b) request any person, either verbally or in writing, to take any action to prevent or limit the extent of the emergency

Question 38

Explain Section 92 - Power to carry out inspections etc

Civil Defence Emergency Management Act 2002

Answer 38

While a state of emergency is in force, a Controller or a constable, or any person acting under the authority of a Controller or constable, may examine, mark, seize, sample, secure, disinfect, or destroy any property, animal, or any other thing in order to prevent or limit the extent of the emergency.

Question 39

Explain Section 95 - Failure to comply with requirement in civil defence emergency management plan?

Civil Defence Emergency Management Act 2002

Answer 39

A person commits an offence who intentionally fails to comply with a requirement in a civil defence emergency management plan

Question 40

Explain Section 98 - Obstruction?

Civil Defence Emergency Management Act 2002

Answer 40

A person commits an offence who, during a state of emergency threatens, assaults, or intentionally obstructs or hinders any person in that person’s exercise or performance of a function, power, or duty under this act.

Question 41

Who determines the initial tactics to be used during major incidents?

Answer 41

The dispatcher on behalf of the shift commander must determine the initial tactics to be used and deploy resources to implement them.

Question 42

What are the six steps in the sequence of information?

Answer 42

1. Summary of incident, including weapons
2. Time delay
3. Direction of travel
4. Mode of travel
5. Description of offender / vehicles
6. Additional relevant information (hazards / weapons etc)

Question 43

The initial command of the response to all incidents reported to the Emergency Communications Centre is the responsibility of who?

Answer 43

The Emergency Communications Centre shift commander.

Emergency Communications Centre must fulfil the role of incident controller until it is passed to a suitable field supervisor. Where possible, incident controller should be a sergeant or above.

In situations where incident control remains with Emergency Communications Centre, the role of forward commander should be passed to a suitable field supervisor.

Question 44

What are the matters that must be considered before control is transferred to field units?

Answer 44

• In the early stages of incident the Emergency Communications Centre is usually best equipped to control response
• The highest-ranking person is not necessarily the most appropriate to assume control
• The designated incident controller should not be delegated control until they: Establish an incident control point, familiarise themselves with the incident and obtain a briefing, formulate a response plan.

Question 45

What is the purpose of a debrief?

Answer 45

Purpose is to critically examine what went well during the operation and what areas could have been improved. Ideally the debrief is chaired by a senior member who was not involved in the operation and this will take place as soon as possible after the operation.

Question 46

Explain Section 91(2) - Power to give directions

Civil Defence Emergency Management Act 2002

Answer 46

(2) While a state of emergency is in force, a Controller or a constable, or any person acting under the authority of a Controller or constable, may
direct—
(a) the owner of a structure (or the owner’s agent) to obtain an assessment of the effect of the emergency (and any related
subsequent events) on the structure:
(b) the owners of structures of a particular type (or the owners’ agents) to obtain assessments of the effect of the emergency (and any related subsequent events) on the structures of that type that they own.]

Question 47

Explain Section 91(3) - Power to give directions

Civil Defence Emergency Management Act 2002

Answer 47

(3) A person may not give a direction under subsection (2) unless the person has had regard to whether the structure or type of structure
may, in the circumstances, pose a risk of injury or a risk to the safety of life or the safety of other property.]

Question 48

Explain Section 91(4) - Power to give directions

Civil Defence Emergency Management Act 2002

Answer 48

[(4) A direction given under subsection (2) must—

(a) state the purpose of the assessment and specify the assessment that is required; and
(b) specify a reasonable time within which the assessment must be concluded; and
(c) require the owner (or the owner’s agent) to give a copy of the assessment to the person who gave the direction.]

Question 49

Explain Section 91(5) - Power to give directions

Civil Defence Emergency Management Act 2002

Answer 49

(5) An owner (or owner’s agent) who is given a direction under subsection (2) must—
(a) obtain the assessment, which must be conducted in accordance with the direction and at the owner’s expense; and
(b) give a copy of the assessment to the person who gave the direction.]

Question 50

Explain Section 91(6), (7) & (8) - Power to give directions

Civil Defence Emergency Management Act 2002

Answer 50

[(6) The owner (or the owner’s agent) may appeal to the District Court on the grounds that the direction is unreasonable.]

[(7) Section 77(2) and (3) applies in relation to an appeal under subsection (6) with any necessary modifications, and section 77(4) does not apply.]

[(8) Any relief that may be granted under subsection (6) is limited to the reasonable costs associated with obtaining the assessment.]

Question 51

Explain Section 93 - Person exercising emergency powers to provide proof of identity?

Civil Defence Emergency Management Act 2002

Answer 51

A person exercising a power conferred on him or her by this Part must—

(a) have with him or her, and produce if requested to do so, evidence of his or her identity; and
(b) if requested to do so, produce evidence of or give a general explanation of the authority under which he or she is acting and the power or powers he or she is exercising.

Question 52

The CDEM Act confers certain powers on the Police and other authorised
persons during a state of emergency. These confer the authority to what?

Answer 52

• Evacuate any premises or place, or exclude persons or vehicles from any premises or place where such action is necessary for the preservation of
human life (section 86)
• Enter, and if necessary, break into any premises or place within the emergency area where it is believed on reasonable grounds that the action is necessary for saving life, or preventing injury, or rescuing and removing injured or endangered persons or permitting or facilitating the carrying out of any urgent measures in respect of the relief of suffering or distress (section 87)
• Totally or partially restrict public access on any road or public place (section 88)
• Remove any aircraft, hovercraft, ship or ferry or other vessel, or vehicle impeding civil defence operations and where reasonably necessary for that purpose the use of force or breaking into any such aircraft, hovercraft, ship or ferry or other vessel, or vehicle (section 89)
• Requisition a wide range of resources, where such action is urgently necessary for the preservation of human life (section 90)
• Direct any person to stop any activity that may cause or substantially contribute to an emergency, or request any person either verbally or in writing to take any action to prevent or limit the extent of the emergency (section 91)
• Examine, mark, seize, sample, secure, disinfect, or destroy any property, animal, or other thing in order to prevent or limit the extent of the emergency (section 92)