Chapter 10: Classification And Evolution

Question 1

General features of Prokaryotae

Answer 1

• unicellular
• no nucleus or membrane bound organelles
• no visible feeding mechanism

Question 2

General features of Protoctista

Answer 2

• usually unicellular
• nucleus and membrane- bound organelles
• some have chloroplasts
• some are sessile, others move by cilia, flagella, amoeboid, mechanisms
• autotrophic feeders, heterotrophic feeders and some are parasitic

Question 3

General features of Fungi

Answer 3

• uni or multicellular
• nucleus and membrane bound organelles
• chitin cell wall
• usually have a body/mycelium made of threars or hyphae
• saprophytic feeders (absorption)
• store food as glycogen

Question 4

General features of Plantae

Answer 4

• multicellular
• has a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
• cellulose cell wall
• chlorophyll
• do not move
• autotrophic feeders
• food stored as starch

Question 5

General features of Animalia

Answer 5

• mutlicellular
• nucleus and membrane bound organelles
• move- cilia, flagella, contractile proteins (eg. Muscular organs)
• heterotrophic feeders
• food stored as glycogen

Question 6

‘Three Domain System’- how are organisms grouped? What are they?

Answer 6

• differences in nucleotide sequences of rRNA, cell membrane lipid structure, sensitivity to antibiotics
• archaea, bacteria, eukarya

Question 7

Eukarya domain

Answer 7

• 80S ribosomes

- RNA polymerase has 12 proteins

Question 8

Archaea domain

Answer 8

• 70S ribosomes

- RNA polymerase has between 8-10 proteins

Question 9

Bacteria domain

Answer 9

• 70S ribosomes

- RNA polymerase contains 5 proteins

Question 10

What are the 6 kingdoms

Answer 10

• Archaebacteria
• Eubacteria
• Protoctista
• Fungi
• Plantae
• Animalia

Question 11

Relationship between classification and Phylogeny

Answer 11

Phylogeny: evolutionary relationships between organisms

• continuous phylogenetic trees
• shows ancestoral history and is in regard to time

Classification: process of sorting organisms into separate groups

• discrete taxanomical groups
• implies different groups within the same group are equivalent (incorrect)

Classification uses knowledge of phylogeny to confirm and change classification groups

Question 12

Evidence for the theory of evolution

Answer 12

Darwin: observation about Finches and how beak shape depended on food available on the island, published the book On the Origin of Species
Wallace: similar ideas to Darwin, boyh of them presented it at the Linnean Society of London

Fossils: fossil records formed by strata over time

• simple organisms fossils are found earlier than fossils of complex organisms which shows that simple organisms gradually formed complex organisms
• sequence in which organisms are found matches ecological links to each other
• shows relationships between organisms by studying the anatomy (between both alive amd extinct species)

Molecules: common molecules studied- cytochrome c, rRNA

• these molecules are highly conserved so even small changes helps show evolutionary links
• number of differences plotted against rate at which the molecule undergoes neutral base substitutions