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Biology a level - ocr a > Chapter 10 - Classification And Evolution > Flashcards

Chapter 10 - Classification And Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

What is classification

And why is it useful

A

The act of arranging animals and plants in taxonomic groups according to their observed similarities

Provides information about organisms
Provides information about relationships between organisms
Easier for scientists to share information

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2
Q

What is taxonomy

A

The study of classification

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3
Q

What are taxonomic groups

A

The hierarchical groups of classification

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4
Q

Why do scientists classify organisms

A

To identify species
- species an organism belongs to is easily identified

To predict characteristics
- species in the same group likely to share characteristics

To find evolutionary links
- similar species likely to share a common ancestor

Easier to share research worldwide
- links between different organisms around the world can be seen

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5
Q

3 domains

A

Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya

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6
Q

Taxonomic hierarchy named

A 
Domain 
Kingdom 
Phylum 
Class 
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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7
Q

Name all 5 kingdoms

A 
Animalia 
Prokaryotae 
Plantae 
Protoctista
Fungi
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8
Q

Features used to classify organisms into

Prokaryotae

Bacteria = ecoli

A 
Unicellular 
Prokaryotic 
No nucleus 
No membrane bound organelles 
Less than 5um

No visible feeding mechanism

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9
Q

Features used to classify organisms into

Protoctista

Algae, protozoa, amoeba

A

Eukaryotic
Unicellular mainly
Usually live in water
Some have chloroplasts

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10
Q

Features used to classify organisms into

Fungi

Mushrooms , moulds, yeast

A 
Eukaryotic 
Unicellular or multicellular 
Have nucleus and membrane bound organelles 
Chitin cell wall 
No chloroplasts or chlorophyll 
Food stored as glycogen

Saprophytic feeders

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11
Q

Features used to classify organisms into

Plantae

Flowers, mosses, ferns

A 
Multicellular 
Cellulose cell wall
Has nucleus and membrane bound organelles 
Has chloroplasts and chlorophyll 
Food stored as starch

Autotrophic feeders

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12
Q

Features used to classify organisms into

Animalia

Molluscs, reptiles, nematodes

A 
Multicellular 
No cell wall 
Nucleus and membrane bound organelles 
No chloroplasts 
Food stored as glycogen

Heterotrophic

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13
Q

What is a saprotrophic feeder

A

Absorb substance from dead or decaying matter

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14
Q

What is an autotrophic feeder

A

Produces their own food

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15
Q

What is a heterotrophic feeder

A

Consumes plants and animals

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16
Q

How to use nomenclature

Called the binomial system

A

Genus + species

Underlined

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17
Q

Advantages of the binomial system

A
  • organism can be easily classified
  • helps avoid confusion, each name is unique
  • universal recognition
  • useful in identifying relationships between organisms
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18
Q

What is phylogeny

A

The study of the evolutionary history of groups of organisms

Reveals which organism is related to and how closely related

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19
Q

What is the relationship between classification and phylogency

A

Phylogeny is used to confirm that the classification groups are correct, and if not, causes them to change

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20
Q

Advantages of phylogeny

A

Takes into account evolutionary relationships

Forms a continuous tree so organisms don’t have to be forced into a group

Is not hierarchical therefore can be compared

Easy to observe relationships

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21
Q

6 kingdoms vs 3 domains

A

Prokaryotae split into

Archeabacteria eubacteria

Single celles prokaryotes

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22
Q

What evidence did woese base his new system on

A

The sequences in nucleotides in the cells ribosomal RNA

The cell membranes lipid structure and their sensitivity to anitbiotics

Eukarya 80s ribosome
Archea 70s ribosome
Bacteria 70s ribosome

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23
Q

Why was the prokaryotae been reclassified into 2 domains

A

Because there is a large difference between archaea and bacteria

They have evolved separately

Archaea head is more closed related to eukarya

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24
Q

What are the differences between archaea and bacteria

A

MOLECULAR EVIDENCE
Have different ribosomal RNA
Different enzyme RNA polymerase

Archaea, not bacteria, has similar histones to eukarya

CELL MEMBRANE EVIDENCE
Different bonds of the lipids in the cell membranes

Different development and composition of flagellae

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25
Q

How is molecular evidence used in classification

A

Looks at the similarities in proteins in DNA

How DNA is stored

Sequence of DNA bases

Sequence of amino acids in proteins

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26
Q

How is embryological évidence used in classification

A

Compares similarities in early stages of organisms development

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27
Q

How is anatomical evidence used in classification

A

Similarities between the function and structure of different body parts

28
Q

How is behavioural evidence used in classification

A

Compares behaviour and social organisation of organisms

29
Q

What is variation

A

Differences that exist between individuals

30
Q

What is intra specific variation

A

Variation within a species

  • height
  • colour
31
Q

What is interspecific variation

A

Variation between different species

Bird

  • the lightest bird is 1.6g
  • the heaviest is 160kg
32
Q

What can variation be caused by

A

Genetic factors
Environmental factors
Both

33
Q

Genetic factors that cause variation

A
  • variation of alleles amongst a species
  • mutations change DNA sequence and therefore genes - change proteins that affect physical and metabolic characteristics
  • meiosis - random assortment and crossing over of maternal and paternal - inherits genes from each parent
  • random fertilisation
34
Q

Environment factors that affect variation

A

Climate
Food
Lifestyle

Eg. Scars, piercings, hair length

35
Q

Environmental and genetic factors that cause variation

A

Genetic - determine what the organism CAN have
Environmental - determines what the organism actually is

Environment influences genetics

Eg. Height , weight ,
Flagellum - some only grow in particular environments - metal ions present

36
Q

What is standard deviation used for

A

A measure of the spread of values about the mean

If large standard deviation = Varies a lot

37
Q

What is the chi squared test used for

A

Compare the differences in expected and observed values

38
Q

What is the T test used for

A

Compare mean data to see if there is a significant difference

Between 2 things

39
Q

What is spearman’s rank used for

A

To find if there is a positive or negative correlation between 2 sets of data

40
Q

What is continuous variation

A

Individuals within a population vary within a range

41
Q

What is discontinuous variation

A

Organisms variation falls in distinct categories

42
Q

Name three different types of adaptations

A

Behavioural
Physiological
Anatomical

43
Q

What are anatomical adaptations

A

Structural features of an organism that increase its chances of survival

44
Q

How do adaptations benefit organisms

A

Has features to increase its chances of survival, reproduce, and have offspring that can also reproduce and carry advantageous gene

45
Q

What are physiological adaptations

A

Processes that take place inside the body that increase its chances of survival

46
Q

What are behavioural adaptations

A

The way an organism acts to increase its chances of survival

47
Q

Anatomical advantages examples

A

Camouflage
Teeth
Otters - streamlined shape

48
Q

Physiological examples

A

Some bacteria secrete antibiotics, to kill competition

Bears hibernation - lowers metabolism, conserves energy, doesn’t have to look for food

49
Q

Behavioural adaptations examples

A

Survival - possums play dead

Courtship - scorpions dance to attract mate

Seasonal - migration

50
Q

What are innate behaviours

A

Behaviour inherited by genes

- spiders build webs

51
Q

What is learned behaviour

A

Adaptations learnt from experience and observation

  • otters use rocks to crack shells
52
Q

Why do organisms from different taxonomic groups show similar anatomical features

A

Have evolved in similar environments and to fill similar ecological niches

53
Q

Features of marsupial mammals

A

Short gestation period
Don’t develop full placenta
Born early in development
Continue to develop once born

54
Q

Features of placental mammals

A

Longer gestation periods
develop a placenta
Born fully developed

55
Q

Why do Marsupial moles and Placental moles look alike but are not closely related

A

Similar anatomical features because they evolved in similar environments - both live in tunnels, burrow for food

  • small, non existant eyes
  • no external ears - streamlined
  • come shaped head, tube shaped body - easy to burrow
  • scoop shaped claws
56
Q

What different types of evidence are used in classifcation

A 
observational 
behavioural 
molecular 
embryological 
anatomical
57
Q

What is the theory of evolution

Darwin and Wallace

A

Individuals in population show variation in phenotype
Sélection pressures create struggle
Individuals with better adaptations more likely to survive
Pass on advantageous gene

Wallace contributed - less well known

58
Q

What is phenotype

A

A set of observable characteristics of an organism from the interaction of its phenotype with the environment

59
Q

What is genotype

A

The genes and alleles of an organism

60
Q

3 types of evidence that supports evolution

A

Fossil records
DNA evidence
Molecular evidence

61
Q

How do fossils show evolution

A

Fossils = preserved remains in rocks

Can be arranged in chronological order, to view gradual changes in organisms

Can be used to compare living organisms to extinct ones

62
Q

How does DNA evidence suggest evolution

A

Closely related species have diverged more recently
Share similar DNA
Less time for base sequences to change

  • similar DNA = Closely related
63
Q

How does molecular evidence suggest evolution

A

Compare sequences of amino acids in proteins

Compare antibodies

Closely related = similar molecules

Less time has gone for changes to happen

64
Q

How the evolution of pesticide resistance has implications for humans

A
  • if disease carrying pesticides become resistant - spread of disease increases
  • population of insects can become resistant to all pesticides = lots of money to reproduce
  • takes while to farmers to figure out which pesticide will work
  • crops eaten
  • pesticides might have to be broader - kill beneficial insects
65
Q

How the evolution of drug resistance has implications for humans

A
  • infections by drug resistant pathogens are harder to treat
  • if résistant to a lot of drugs - could take long time to find one that will work - patient could die
  • costs a lot to make new drugs

Biology a level - ocr a (11 decks)

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